International Journal of Health Engineering and Technology

Spatial Distribution Of Microplastics In Sediments Of The Karangsong Mangrove Ecotourism Area, Indramayu

2026-02-06T07:03:13+00:00

Karangsong Mangrove Ecotourism Area is an area in Indramayu Regency that has various activities such as tourism, fishing and anthropogenic. These activities produce waste such as plastic which is then fragmented into small particles (microplastics). This research aims to determine the distribution and abundance of microplastics caused by different activities around the Karangsong Indramayu Mangrove Ecotourism area. The environmental factors used in this research are temperature and pH taken in situ and current data obtained from the Copernicus marine. Sediment samples were taken using a piston core once a week for one month. Furthermore, laboratory tests were carried out to see the abundance and characteristics of microplastics. The data that has been obtained is then tested with oneway ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. The highest abundance of microplastics was found at Station 3 (Beach) with a concentration of 15.87 ± 1.05 particles/g and the lowest abundance was identified at Station 1 (Ecotourism Area) with a concentration of 1.25 ± 0.04 particles/g. The dominating characteristics at each station are the types of Fragments and Films, yellow and transparent colors, and microplastics <1mm in size.

The Effect Of Variations In Carbopol Concentration On The Physical Characteristics And SPF Value Of Sunscreen Spray Gel With Ethanol Extract Of Kepok Banana Flowers (Musa Acuminata X M. Balbisiana) By UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

2026-02-25T13:43:06+00:00

Excessive exposure to UV rays can cause various skin damage so that sunscreen preparations are needed. Kepok banana flowers (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana) contain flavonoid compounds that have the potential as active ingredients in natural sunscreens, especially in the form of spray gel preparations. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in carbopol concentration on the physical characteristics and SPF value of spray gel preparations using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and to determine the most optimal formula. Ethanol extract of kepok banana flowers was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol. Sunscreen spray gel from ethanol extract of kepok banana flowers was formulated with variations in carbopol concentrations of 0,5% (F1), 0,75% (F2), and 1% (F3). The resulting spray gel was tested including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spray pattern, and SPF value. The results showed that variations in carbopol concentration significantly affected the physical characteristics of the preparation, especially the organoleptic texture, pH, viscosity, and spray pattern, but did not significantly affect the SPF value of the spray gel preparation of ethanol extract of kepok banana flowers (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana). Formula 2 with a carbopol concentration of 0,75% was determined as the most optimal formula with the most balanced physical characteristics and an SPF value of 15.616 with an ultra protection category.

The Effect Of Variations In The Concentration Of Ethanol Extract Of Green Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Moench) On The Antioxidant Activity Of Face Mist Preparations Using The DPPH Method

2026-02-17T22:21:23+00:00

Skin aging due to oxidative stress from free radicals from UV exposure and pollution requires natural antioxidants in topical products. Ethanol extract from green okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) rich in phenolics has strong potential to capture DPPH. This quantitative preclinical experimental study aims to test the effect of extract concentration (3%, 6%, 9%) on antioxidant activity and physical quality of face mist preparations. The population of face mist preparations; purposive samples include controls and three formulas with three replications. UV-Vis spectrophotometer instruments for IC50 DPPH at 516 nm (operating time 15 minutes), pH meter, Brookfield viscometer. Descriptive and inferential analysis One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD (SPSS, p <0.05). The results showed IC50: control 71.92 ppm (strong), Formula I 146.75 ppm (moderate), II 80.63 ppm (strong), III 78.72 ppm (strong); pH 4.57-5.15 (skin compatible); viscosity 1.22-3.75 mPa.s (meets <5 mPa.s); homogeneous. High concentrations significantly increase antioxidant activity (p<0.05). In conclusion, the 9% formula of optimized strong antioxidant face mist meets cosmetic standards, with anti-aging potential.

Determination Of Lead And Cadmium Metal Content In Rambai Leaf Simplicia (Baccaurea Motleyana Müll.Arg.) Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Method

2026-02-13T00:08:51+00:00

Rambai leaf (Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg.) is traditionally used to treat smallpox, diarrhea, and bruises, but it has the potential to be contaminated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) which are toxic and accumulative. This study aims to determine the levels of Pb and Cd in rambai leaf and compare them with the safe limits of BPOM RI and WHO. The type of research is descriptive quantitative with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method using an air-acetylene flame system. The study population was all rambai plants in Nanga Kantuk Village, West Kalimantan, with purposive sampling. The main instrument was SSA contrAA 800, while data analysis was carried out through a linear calibration curve (R> 0.998), regression, and calculation of levels (mg/kg). The results showed Pb levels of 4.29 mg/kg and Cd <LOD (0.0131 mg/L). These results indicate that Pb metal was detected, while Cd was not detected quantitatively. In conclusion, the levels of Pb and Cd in rambai leaf simplicia are still below the safe limits of BPOM RI (Pb ≤ 10 mg/kg; Cd ≤ 0.3 mg/kg), so it is safe to use as a traditional medicine ingredient from the aspect of heavy metal contamination.

Factors Associated With Hypertension Control Behavior In The Elderly At The Merdeka Community Health Center, Palembang In 2025

2026-02-14T03:15:14+00:00

Hypertension is a major non-communicable disease with a high prevalence in the elderly at the Merdeka Community Health Center in Palembang, influenced by knowledge, diet, and family support. This study aims to analyze the relationship between these factors and hypertension control behavior. Using a quantitative cross-sectional analytical design, the population of hypertensive elderly was 2,167 people with a sample of 106 respondents via simple random sampling. The questionnaire instrument was analyzed univariately (frequency) and bivariately (Chi-Square, α = 0.05) using SPSS. The results showed a significant relationship: knowledge (p = 0.000; OR = 17.667), diet (p = 0.000; OR = 4.453), and family support (p = 0.000; OR = 10.200). The conclusion recommends family education interventions to improve compliance.

The Effectiveness Of Soy Milk Extension On The Influence And Protein Consumption For Pregnant Women 4t

2026-02-21T02:31:42+00:00

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that may begin during pregnancy and is strongly influenced by maternal nutritional status, particularly adequate protein intake. Pregnant women with 4T risk factors (too young, too old, short birth spacing, and high parity) are more vulnerable to nutritional problems that can affect fetal growth. This community service activity aims to improve the knowledge and skills of high-risk pregnant women in fulfilling protein intake through nutrition education and training on soy milk (PUSUI) preparation as an alternative source of plant-based protein. A quasi-experimental design without a control group was applied using a participatory educational approach. The activity was conducted in Tanjung Gunung Village, Central Bangka Regency, involving 25 pregnant women with 4T risk factors. The intervention consisted of interactive educational sessions, discussions, and hands-on demonstrations and practice in soy milk preparation. Evaluation was carried out descriptively through observation and post-test assessments to measure participants' understanding. The results showed an improvement in participants' knowledge regarding the role of protein during pregnancy and their ability to independently prepare soy milk. In addition, participants demonstrated good acceptance of soy milk as an alternative protein source. In conclusion, this community service program is effective and feasible as a supportive strategy to increase protein intake among high-risk pregnant women and contribute to stunting prevention from the prenatal period.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis Trastuzumab Deruxtecan Versus Trastuzumab Emtansine Pada Pasien Kanker Payudara Metastatik Her2-Positif: Systematic Review

2026-02-26T14:26:22+00:00

HER2-positive breast cancer is one of the subtypes of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and a strong need for effective targeted therapies. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) are two antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) used as second-line treatments for patients with this condition. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness between T-DXd and T- DM1 through a systematic review of relevant literature. Literature search was conducted using Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases with the keywords “cost effectiveness analysis” AND “metastatic breast cancer” OR “HER2-positive breast cancer” AND “trastuzumab deruxtecan” AND “trastuzumab emtansine”. A total of 521 articles were identified, but only 4 met the inclusion criteria. T-DXd was considered more cost-effective in high- income countries such as the United States (ICER as low as $13,342/QALY) and Finland (ICER approximately €55,360/QALY), but not in China, where the ICER reached $186,017/QALY,

The Relationship Of Antibiotic Rationality To Clinical Outcomes In Adult UTI Patients Using The Gyssens Method At The Inpatient Unit Of PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital, Surakarta

2026-02-28T10:22:07+00:00

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common infection with a high risk of antibiotic resistance due to irrational use. This study evaluated the rationality of antibiotics on the clinical outcomes of adult UTI patients using the Gyssens method at PKU Muhammadiyah Surakarta Hospital. To analyze the profile, rationality of antibiotics, and their relationship with clinical improvement. Retrospective descriptive study on 77 adult UTI inpatients from January to December 2024, purposive sampling, medical record instruments, Gyssens and Chi-Square analysis (SPSS 25). Rationality 53.25% (category 0), Cefuroxime most (38.96%), normal leukocytes 92.2%, p = 0.006 indicating a significant relationship between rationality and clinical improvement. Rational use of antibiotics significantly improves the clinical outcomes of UTI, supporting antimicrobial stewardship.

Nursing Care For Mrs. Y With Helplessness At Rojinhome Ikedaen Okinawa Japan

2026-03-05T02:15:37+00:00

The increasing elderly population in Japan and Indonesia increases the risk of powerlessness in residents of care facilities such as Rojinhome Ikedaen. This case study aims to describe nursing care for Mrs. Y with powerlessness through the process of assessment, diagnosis, intervention, implementation, and evaluation for 3x24 hours. The type of research is a qualitative descriptive case study with a nursing process approach. The population of the elderly in the Finesu room (20 people), a single purposive sample of Mrs. Y (92 years old, diabetes). Instruments include assessment sheets (MMSE, social interaction), interviews, observations; thematic analysis with triangulation. The results showed a diagnosis of powerlessness (D.0092) related to unsatisfactory interpersonal interactions; coping promotion intervention (I.09312) increased interaction interest from 2 to 5 and social participation. Conclusion: Stepwise nursing care is effective in reducing initial powerlessness, a continuous protocol for full independence is recommended.

The Role of Cost Accounting in the Efficiency of Healthcare Services

2026-01-06T23:37:38+00:00

The efficiency of healthcare services is a major challenge in managing healthcare facilities, particularly due to increasing demands for service quality and limited available resources. Ineffective cost management can reduce the performance of healthcare organizations and disrupt service sustainability; therefore, cost accounting is essential as a management tool to provide accurate cost information, control waste, and improve the efficiency of healthcare services. This study aims to analyze the role of cost accounting in improving the efficiency of healthcare services using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The literature review process was conducted using the PICOS framework to ensure alignment with population, intervention, outcomes, and study design. Articles were retrieved from various national and international scientific databases within a publication period of the last five to ten years. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were qualitatively analyzed to identify how cost accounting is implemented and its impact on efficiency and performance of healthcare services. The results show that the application of cost accounting methods such as responsibility accounting, activity-based costing, and the development of technology-based cost accounting systems makes a positive contribution to improving healthcare service efficiency by increasing the accuracy of cost identification, controlling operational expenditures, and maximizing resource utilization. In addition, the use of digital technology in cost accounting systems enhances transparency, accountability, and the quality of financial information that supports managerial decision-making. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that cost accounting plays an important role in supporting healthcare service efficiency, where the application of appropriate methods, supported by managerial capability and information technology, is a key factor in achieving efficient, sustainable, and high-quality healthcare services.

Association Between Systemic Disease And Presbycusis Among Patients Of Chronic Disease Management

2026-02-10T02:49:03+00:00

Presbycusis or age-related hearing loss significantly affects the quality of life of the elderly, with systemic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia potentially accelerating its occurrence through vascular mechanisms. This study aims to analyze the relationship of these conditions to the occurrence of presbycusis in PROLANIS patients at the Kedungmundu Community Health Center. This observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design used 44 purposive samples aged ≥55 years. Data were collected through audiometry (ISO 1964 standard, bilateral >25 dB HTL) and medical record review, analyzed using the Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests (SPSS v.26, p<0.05). The results showed a prevalence of presbycusis of 68.2%, with a significant association for hypertension (p=0.000) and diabetes mellitus (p=0.006), but not for dyslipidemia (p=0.413). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus significantly increase the risk of presbycusis in PROLANIS patients, so routine audiometric screening in primary health facilities is necessary.

Literature Review: The Effectiveness Of Brown Rice Diet As Nonpharmacological Nutritional Therapy In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

2026-02-19T01:39:06+00:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global health problem with a high prevalence in Indonesia and requires comprehensive management, including non-pharmacological nutritional therapy. The choice of carbohydrate sources plays an important role because white rice has a high glycemic index, while brown rice has a lower glycemic index and contains fiber and bioactive compounds that have the potential to help control blood glucose. Therefore, this study aims to determine the nutritional content of brown rice that is relevant to the management of type 2 diabetes, to analyze the effect of brown rice consumption on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, to determine the effect of a brown rice diet on other metabolic parameters such as body weight, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity, and to summarize the scientific evidence related to the potential of brown rice as an alternative dietary intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes. This study used a literature review method with a narrative review design. The results of the study showed that brown rice has nutritional content that is relevant to the management of type 2 DM, especially fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that support improved glucose metabolism. The application of a brown rice diet contributes to improved glycemic control, as indicated by a decrease in fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, and HbA1c. In addition, brown rice consumption also has a positive impact on other metabolic parameters, including improved lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and potential weight control. Overall, brown rice has the potential to be a healthier alternative source of carbohydrates and is applicable as part of non-pharmacological nutritional therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. It can be concluded that a brown rice diet is an effective and safe non-pharmacological nutritional intervention to support the management of type 2 DM through improved glycemic control and metabolic parameters, making it a recommended alternative carbohydrate source in the patient's diet.

Formulation And Physical Quality Testing Of Face Toner Preparations Combining Moringa Leaf Infusion (Moringa Oleifera L.) And Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria Ternatea L.)

2026-02-25T13:49:18+00:00

Skin aging due to free radicals, pollution, and UV exposure causes dryness, roughness, and decreased elasticity, driving the demand for natural skincare alternatives to replace synthetic toners that often irritate sensitive skin. This study aims to formulate and test the physical quality of face toner from Moringa oleifera L. leaf infusion and Clitoria ternatea L. butterfly pea flower infusion, and determine the optimal formula. This type of development research uses a laboratory experimental approach using a quasi-experimental one-group posttest only design. The population is various potential face toner formulas; samples of three optimal formulas (F1: 3% moringa + 1% butterfly pea, F2: 2% + 2%, F3: 1% + 3%) were replicated three times (n = 9). Instruments include a pH meter, a Brookfield viscometer, a skin analyzer, and microscopic observations; quantitative descriptive data analysis, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests. The results showed that all formulas met the requirements: liquid form, mint scent, pH 6.26-6.50, viscosity 0.53-0.92 mPa.s, homogenous, non-irritating, and increased moisture by 50.81%. F2 was the most optimal with balanced viscosity. In conclusion, this face toner combination provides a stable and safe natural skincare option.

Antibacterial Activity Test Of Extract, N-Hexane Fraction, Ethyl Acetate, And Water Of Tangkalak Guava Leaves (Bellucia Pentamera Naudin) Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis ATCC 12228 Bacteria

2026-02-27T08:40:15+00:00

Skin infections by Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 are increasing due to antibiotic resistance, while guava leaves (Bellucia pentamera Naudin) have antibacterial potential based on traditional use and phytochemical content. To evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions of guava leaves against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228. In vitro experimental with disc diffusion, liquid dilution (MIC), and solid dilution (MBC) methods. McFarland 0.5 bacterial suspension (1.5x10^8 CFU/mL); 500 g of leaf simplicia powder from Galing Village, Sambas. Analytical balance, rotary evaporator, SPSS 27 (Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, Kruskal-Wallis, Tukey post-hoc). Ethanol extract inhibited 3.43-6.86 mm (weak-moderate); ethyl acetate fraction 3.67-5.42 mm (most active); MIC 20%; positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins. Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction have the potential as alternative antibacterial candidates for nosocomial infections.

Predictors Of Antiretroviral Therapy Failure In HIV/AIDS Patients At Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital, Surakarta

2026-03-02T22:53:47+00:00

Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy failure remains a significant issue in HIV/AIDS control as it contributes to disease progression and drug resistance. This study aims to analyze predictors of ARV therapy failure based on demographic and clinical characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients. This study used a retrospective quantitative descriptive analytical design with medical records of HIV outpatients at Dr. Moewardi Regional General Hospital from November 2024 to November 2025 as the data source. The study population was all HIV patients receiving ARV therapy, with a sample of 100 patients selected using accidental sampling. The research instrument was a medical record-based observation sheet, covering demographic, clinical, CD4, viral load, and clinical stage characteristics. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p<0.05. The results showed that the majority of patients were male, productive age, married, had secondary or higher education, had a normal BMI, were in the early clinical stage, and did not experience opportunistic infections or side effects of therapy. No significant associations were found between demographic and clinical variables and CD4 count, viral load, or clinical stage. In conclusion, the immunological, virological, and clinical status of HIV patients is multifactorial and is not solely determined by the demographic and clinical characteristics studied.

Review Article: Methods Of Preparation And Ointment Bases Used In Ointment Preparations

2026-02-04T02:06:29+00:00

Ointments, semi-solid topical preparations, are increasingly being developed with natural ingredients for wound healing and antibacterial effects amidst the challenges of antibiotic resistance in Indonesia. This study reviews herbal ointment formulations based on extraction techniques, manufacturing methods, bases, physical quality, and biological effectiveness. Using a descriptive qualitative literature study with narrative synthesis from national journals (2020-2025). The population was all related articles; a purposive sample of 40 articles based on completeness and quality. Instruments were scientific documents; thematic and descriptive clustering analysis. The results showed that ethanol extraction produced flavonoids and tannins; the melting/trituration method with a hydrocarbon/PEG base met standards (pH 4.5-7, spreadability 5-7 cm, adhesiveness >4 seconds), with antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, herbal ointments have the potential to be safe phytopharmaceuticals, requiring clinical validation.

Identification Formula For Hydroquinone Compound Content In Bulk Body Lotion Cosmetic Preparations Sold On E-Commerce

2026-02-14T03:18:04+00:00

The distribution of skin-whitening cosmetics, especially body lotions, through e-commerce platforms is increasing and may contain hazardous ingredients such as hydroquinone. Hydroquinone is a compound that is prohibited for use in cosmetics because it can cause side effects such as dark spots on the skin, allergic reactions, irritation, brain damage, and cancer. This study aims to identify and determine the levels of hydroquinone in body lotion cosmetics sold on e-commerce platforms. This is an observational study with a descriptive approach. A total of three body lotion samples were analyzed qualitatively using a color reaction test with FeCl₃ reagent and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method, and analyzed quantitatively using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). The hydroquinone content was determined based on the calibration curve of the standard solution at the maximum wavelength. The results showed that two of the three samples tested positive for hydroquinone in the qualitative test. Quantitative analysis showed that the hydroquinone content in sample 1 was (70.48 ± 0.0044)% and in sample 3 was (67.88 ± 0.0021)%. These levels do not meet cosmetic safety requirements according to the regulations of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM). It can be concluded that there are still body lotions circulating on e-commerce platforms that contain high levels of hydroquinone, so stricter supervision and increased public education regarding cosmetic safety are needed.

Analysis Of The Relationship Between Compliance With Antihypertensive Drug Use And The Therapy Output Of Hypertension Patients At The Sangkrah Community Health Center In Surakarta

2026-02-20T14:46:23+00:00

Hypertension is a chronic disease with a high prevalence and remains a major public health problem that requires long-term therapy and optimal blood pressure control to prevent complications. Treatment success is influenced by various factors, including adherence to antihypertensive medication. Poor adherence may result in uncontrolled blood pressure and reduced therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between adherence to antihypertensive medication use and therapeutic outcomes among hypertensive Patients at Sangkrah Primary Health Center, Surakarta. This study employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of hypertensive patients who met the inclusion criteria. Medication adherence was measured using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), while therapeutic outcomes were assessed based on blood pressure records documented in patients' medical files. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis to describe respondent characteristics and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test to examine the association between medication adherence and therapeutic outcomes. The results showed that most respondents were classified as adherent, with 90 respondents (90.0%), while 10 respondents (10.0%) were non-adherent. Regarding therapeutic outcomes, 74 respondents (74.0%) had uncontrolled blood pressure and 26 respondents (26.0%) had controlled blood pressure. Chi-square analysis showed a Pearson Chi-Square value of 0.208 (p > 0.05), indicating no statistically significant relationship between medication adherence and therapeutic outcomes. In conclusion, adherence to antihypertensive medication was not significantly associated with blood pressure control. These findings indicate that blood pressure management is influenced not only by medication adherence but also by factors, comorbidities, and nonpharmacological interventions.

The Impact Of Delaying Elective Surgeries On Patient Safety During Covid-19: Literature Review

2026-02-26T14:22:17+00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the global healthcare system, including the postponement of elective operations due to limited resources and efforts to prevent the transmission of the virus. Globally, more than 28 million operations were postponed, including in Indonesia. Delays have an effect on patient safety because they risk having a serious impact on patients. This study aims to understand the impact of delaying elective surgeries on patient safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. The design of this research is a literature review. Searching for articles through the Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases (2020-2025) using the keywords "patient safety" AND "elective surgery" OR "delay elective surgery" AND "covid elective surgery" OR "delay covid elective surgery". Data are extracted based on objectives, research design, research samples, research locations, and findings. The total number of article findings was 844, but only 8 articles met the inclusion criteria. The impact of delay on patient safety is classified into three main categories: (1) Physical health includes decreased physical health score, increased pain, increased risk of falling, and increased weight gain (average 4 kg); (2) Mental health includes anxiety, depression, frustration, and adverse psychological effects; (3) Delay in the recovery process. The delay in elective surgeries during COVID-19 has an impact on patient safety, namely physical health, mental health, and delays in the patient's recovery process.

Verification Of the Analysis Method For Determining Cetirizine HCl Levels in Cetirizine Syrup Preparations By High-Performance Liquid Chromatography According To The Compendial Method Of The Indonesian Pharmacopoeia, VIth Edition, 2020

2026-02-28T10:18:53+00:00

Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a second-generation antihistamine that is effective for allergy therapy and is widely used in syrup dosage forms. The quality of drug preparations requires a valid assay analysis method to ensure the active substance content meets the requirements. This study aims to verify the analysis method for determining the content of Cetirizine Hydrochloride in syrup preparations using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in accordance with the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition VI 2020 standards. The study was conducted at the Quality Control Laboratory of PT. X using an HPLC system equipped with an L10 column and UV detector set at 233 nm. Method verification parameters include system suitability testing, specificity, accuracy, precision, as well as linearity and range in determining the content of Cetirizine Hydrochloride. The results demonstrated that all verification parameters met the acceptance criteria. The system suitability test gave good results with an area RSD value of 0.232% and a tailing factor of 1.389. The method was proven to be specific with a retention time of 24.842 minutes without interference from the matrix. The accuracy of the assay method was confirmed with an average recovery value of 101.06% in the concentration range of 80–120% of the nominal concentration, and excellent precision with an RSD value of 0.31%. Linearity and range tests showed an excellent linear relationship in the concentration range of 80–120% with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9996. Based on these results, the analysis method for determining the content of Cetirizine Hydrochloride in syrup preparations was declared valid and suitable for use in routine quality control analysis.

In-Silico Study Of The Potential Of Neem Leaf Active Compounds (Azadirachta Indica) As A-Amylase Enzyme Inhibitors Through Molecular Docking And ADMET Analysis

2026-03-04T04:59:10+00:00

Indonesia has reached 20.4 million adults with the fifth highest number of diabetes in the world and is estimated to be 28.6 million by 2050. The use of acarbose has side effects such as digestive problems to potential for the liver and kidneys, so these problems can be overcome with herbal plant treatment, one of which is the active compound of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica). This study aims to analyze the interaction of 20 neem leaf compounds with α-amylase enzymes through the molecular docking approach, ADMET prediction, and modification of potential new compounds as antidiabetic candidates. This research was conducted in silico using PyRx-AutoDock Vina for docking, VegaZZ, PyMOL, and Discovery Studio for optimization and visualization, SwissADME for ADME prediction, and Toxtree for toxicity test. The docking method validation is expressed in RMSD values of <2 Å. The docking results showed that Kaempferol had a ΔGBinding of -7.9 kcal/mol, an RMSD value of 1.229 Å and had a similarity of amino acid residues to the native ligands ASP:197. Kaempferol has a good ADME profile, High (III) category toxicity and is mutagenic and carcinogen. The design of the new compound of Kaempferol i.e. 2-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-1-methoxybutane-1,4-diol has amino acid residue similarity to the native ligands ASP A:197, ΔGBinding -5.6, RMSD value 1,704 Å and has good ADME, Low (I) category toxicity. The active compound of neem leaves has the potential to be an inhibitor of the enzyme α-Amylase.

An Overview Of Adolescents’ Levels Of Knowledge And Attitudes Toward Reproductive Health In The Children And Youth Fellowship (Par) Of Marthen Luther Church, Sentani

2026-02-09T13:27:46+00:00

Adolescence is a transitional period of physical and mental development that is vulnerable to risky sexual behavior due to a lack of understanding regarding reproductive health. Religious institutions, such as the Child and Youth Fellowship (PAR), have a strategic role as a health education medium based on moral values. This study aims to analyze the level of knowledge and attitudes of adolescents toward reproductive health at PAR Marthen Luther Church, Sentani. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of all members of PAR Marthen Luther Church, Sentani, using a total sampling technique with 38 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Knowledge assessment criteria were categorized into good (76-100%), moderate (60-75%), and poor (<60%), which were then analyzed univariately. The results showed that respondents' knowledge level was in the Good category in the aspects of understanding reproductive health (100%), reproductive organs (80%), fertile period and pregnancy (100%), maintenance of reproductive organs (80%), reproductive health problems (78%), sexual growth and development (75%), as well as menstruation and wet dreams (75%). However, the Moderate category was found in the aspects of adolescent nutrition (72%) and access to information (66.7%). Regarding attitudes, respondents showed positive results with an average achievement of 82%, where 97.4% of respondents supported the church as a place for reproductive health discussions. In general, respondents possess a good level of knowledge and attitudes, yet their understanding of how to access health information and nutrition still needs to be improved. This support indicates the importance of collaboration between health programs and the Child and Youth Fellowship to enhance the understanding of reproductive health.

Clinical Characteristics And Outcomes Of Postpartum Hemorrhage In Remote Areas Of Tual City, Maluku, Indonesia, 2024

2026-02-17T22:15:04+00:00

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Indonesia, PPH accounts for approximately 27% of maternal deaths, with a higher burden in remote and resource-limited areas. To describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of PPH cases in Tual City, Maluku, in 2024. This retrospective descriptive study included all PPH cases managed at RSUD Maren Hi Noho Renuat, the only referral hospital in Tual City, from January to December 2024 (total sampling). Data were extracted from medical records and delivery registers and analyzed descriptively. Most cases occurred among women aged 20–34 years (67%) and multiparous mothers (75%). Half of the women had completed senior high school. Urban mainland residents accounted for 50% of cases, followed by rural (33%) and remote island residents (17%). Deliveries were evenly distributed between health facilities and non-facility settings (50% each), including one case aboard a ferry during referral. Skilled birth attendants assisted 58% of deliveries, while 42% were attended by traditional birth attendants. Retained placenta was the most frequent cause of PPH (84%). All patients received uterotonics; 67% required blood transfusion and 25% underwent surgical interventions (17% curettage, 8% hysterectomy). Maternal outcomes were favorable, with 92% full recovery, 8% near-miss events, and no maternal deaths. Neonatal outcomes were excellent, with 100% live births and no neonatal mortality. Retained placenta was the leading cause of PPH in Tual. Improving institutional delivery coverage, strengthening referral systems, and enhancing community education are crucial to reduce preventable maternal morbidity in remote island settings.

Antibacterial Activity Test Of Extracts And Fractionsn-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, And Pineapple Peel Water (Ananas Comosus(L.) Merr.) Against Bacteria Propionibacterium Acnes ATCC 6919

2026-02-27T08:37:33+00:00

Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological problem in adolescents in Indonesia's tropical climate related to the activity of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Long-term use of antibiotics risks causing resistance, so natural antibacterial alternatives are needed. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and fractions of n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and pineapple peel water against Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 6919, and to determine the most active fraction and MIC and MBC values. This study is a quantitative experimental study. The study population was the bacterial culture of P. acnes ATCC 6919, with samples in the form of pineapple peel extract and fraction. The research instruments included disc diffusion and liquid and solid dilution methods, while data analysis used the Shapiro-Wilk, Levene, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The results showed that the ethanol extract had moderate to strong antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity compared to other fractions, while the n-hexane fraction showed no activity. MIC and MBC values were obtained at a concentration of 20 percent. The conclusion of this study is that pineapple peel has the potential as a natural antibacterial source against P. acnes and the ethyl acetate fraction is the most active fraction.

Analysis Of Complication Treatment Design In Hepatitis B Patients In The Outpatient Facility Of Dr. Moewari Hospital, Surakarta

2026-03-02T06:30:46+00:00

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is generally caused by a viral infection. There are five hepatitis viruses, namely Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) and Hepatitis E Virus (HEV). Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV can cause acute or chronic liver inflammation, in a small number of cases it can progress to liver cirrhosis or liver cancer (Andriani et al., 2020). This study aims to determine the patient profile and use of hepatitis B drugs and evaluate Hepatitis B treatment in patients at the Outpatient Installation of Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital using a non-experimental descriptive observational method with retrospective quantitative data collection. The results of the study showed that of the 99 hepatitis B patients, the majority were male (67.68%) and aged >55 years (46.5%). Most patients received antiviral therapy (60.61%), with tenofovir being the most commonly used drug (78.78%), followed by entecavir (17.17%). Evaluation of treatment suitability showed that all doses and frequencies of antiviral and hepatoprotective therapy administered were in accordance with national guidelines and MIMS references (100% compliance). Curcuma was the most frequently used hepatoprotective agent (64.64%). This indicates that the use of hepatitis B medications at Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital is in accordance with applicable therapy standards. Based on a study of 99 hepatitis B patients, most patients received antiviral and supportive therapy according to guidelines. The use of medications, both antiviral and hepatoprotective, was appropriate in type, dose, and frequency. Patient management demonstrated rational and clinically appropriate therapy.

The Relationship Between The Role Of Health Workers And BPJS Participants' Satisfaction In The Outpatient Room Of Mayjen H. Thalib Hospital, Sungai Penuh City, 2025

2026-03-14T12:43:56+00:00

Quality and affordable health services are the right of every citizen, which the government strives to provide through the National Health Insurance (JKN) program organized by BPJS Kesehatan. However, participant satisfaction with health services remains a challenge, one of which is related to the role of health workers. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the normative, ideal, and factual roles of health workers with BPJS participant satisfaction in the outpatient ward of Mayjen H. Thalib Regional General Hospital. This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was all BPJS PBI participants in Sungai Penuh City with a sample of 106 respondents selected using systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected through structured interviews using questionnaires and direct observation with checklists. Data analysis was carried out using univariate and bivariate methods. The results showed that the majority of respondents (64.2%) expressed dissatisfaction with the services received. Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between the normative role (p-value = 0.041; PR = 1.406), ideal role (p-value = 0.000; PR = 4.731), and factual role (p-value = 0.028; PR = 1.443) of health workers with BPJS participant satisfaction. Therefore, improving the quality of interpersonal interactions, empathy, and officer compliance with service standards is necessary to improve patient satisfaction and the quality of hospital services.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Of The Use Of Ciprofloxacin And Levofloxacin Antibiotics For Urinary Tract Infections In BPJS Inpatients At RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta

2026-02-14T03:21:11+00:00

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a significant health burden in Indonesia, with high antibiotic therapy costs in BPJS inpatients. This study aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of ciprofloxacin versus levofloxacin in BPJS inpatient UTI patients at Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital from January to June 2025. This study used retrospective quantitative descriptive research with secondary data from medical and financial records; the population of all cases met the criteria (n=127) using total sampling. Data extraction instruments were demographic variables, effectiveness (temperature, length of hospitalization), and direct medical costs; CEA analysis via ACER, ICER, and Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). The results showed equivalent effectiveness (ciprofloxacin 36.78%; levofloxacin 35%), ACER of ciprofloxacin Rp470,910 lower than levofloxacin Rp621,220, negative ICER Rp-2,451,792, with no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Both therapies are economically equivalent, supporting the optimization of JKN.

Relationship Between Patient Knowledge Level And use Corticosteroid Drugs At Pharmacies X And Y

2026-02-20T14:43:26+00:00

Corticosteroids are a class of drugs widely used in healthcare services due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and immunosuppressant effects. These drugs are often prescribed in healthcare facilities, including pharmacies. The use of corticosteroids requires a good understanding from patients for safe use. The level of patient knowledge regarding corticosteroid drugs can be influenced by various respondent characteristics, such as age, gender, and occupation. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the relationship between respondent characteristics and the level of patient knowledge regarding corticosteroid drugs in healthcare facilities. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of patient knowledge and respondent characteristics (age, gender, and occupation) in healthcare facilities in pharmacies. This study is an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Sampling was carried out using an accidental sampling technique on patients who obtained corticosteroid drugs at x Pharmacy and y Pharmacy in December 2025. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The research instruments were a questionnaire on the level of patient knowledge and a questionnaire on respondent characteristics. The study showed that patients' knowledge of corticosteroids ranged from good (51.57%), sufficient (32.63%), and poor (15.78%). Chi-square test results showed no significant association between age, gender, and occupation with patients' knowledge of corticosteroids (p>0.05). There was no association between respondent characteristics (age, gender, and occupation) and patients' knowledge of corticosteroids at health care facilities in pharmacies.

Analysis Of Total Polyphenol Content Of Carrot Extract (Daucus Carota L.) Using The Folin-Ciocalteu Method

2026-02-26T14:19:10+00:00

Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are known to contain bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds, which act as antioxidants. Objective: This study aimed to determine the total polyphenol content in carrot ethanol extract and evaluate its potential as a natural antioxidant source. This study was a quantitative experimental laboratory study. Carrot simplicia was obtained through a process of sorting, washing, chopping, drying, and grinding, then extracted using 70% ethanol solvent. The total polyphenol content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and gallic acid as a standard, and the results were expressed in mg Gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract (mg GAE/g). Results: Gallic acid solution was used to obtain a standard curve. The analysis results showed a linear regression equation of y = 0.0161x + 0.042, R2 = 0.9947, with a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0.997. The total phenol content of each sample was determined with three replications. The results showed that carrot ethanol extract had a total polyphenol content of 42,205 mg GAE/g extract. This value indicates that carrot extract contains polyphenol compounds that have the potential to be a source of natural antioxidants.

Antibacterial Activity Test Of Extract, N-Hexane Fraction, Ethyl Acetate And Water Of Kesum Leaves (Polygonum Minus H) Against Escherichia Coli ATCC 25922 Bacteria

2026-02-28T10:13:26+00:00

Diarrheal disease caused by Escherichia coli is a serious health problem in Indonesia, especially in toddlers, with increasing antibiotic resistance. Kesum leaves (Polygonum minus H.) have antibacterial potential because they contain flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, and saponins. To evaluate the antibacterial activity of 70% ethanol extract and fractions of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and kesum leaf water against E. coli ATCC 25922, to identify effective concentrations, and to determine the MIC and MBC of the most active fraction. Laboratory experimental study with 70% ethanol maceration extraction and liquid-liquid fractionation. E. coli ATCC 25922 population, 7 kg of simplex samples from Sambas, West Kalimantan. Instruments include an incubator, SPSS 25. Analysis techniques: disc diffusion, liquid/solid dilution, ANOVA. The ethyl acetate fraction was the most effective (inhibition zone 12.36 mm, at a concentration of 40%, strong category), followed by the extract (inhibition zone 11.31 mm, at a concentration of 30%, medium category), n-hexane (10.46 mm), water (8.86 mm). MIC and MBC of the ethyl acetate fraction were 30%. The extract and fraction of kesum leaves have moderate to strong antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922, supporting the development of anti-diarrhea herbal medicine.

Determination Of Sun Protective Factor (SPF) Values In N-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, And Water Fractions Of Ethanol Extract Of Tamarind Eggplant (Solanum Lasiocarpum Dunal.) Peel With UV-VIS Spectrophotometry Method

2026-03-04T04:52:47+00:00

Excessive UV exposure causes skin damage, so natural sunscreen alternatives are needed. This experimental descriptive study aims to identify and measure the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of ethanol extract and n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions from Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal fruit peel in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The population of the entire skin simplicia from Tanjung Hulu, Pontianak; a sample of 500 g of powder (mesh 40) was extracted and fractionated. Instruments include a Thermo Scientific UV-Vis spectrophotometer (290-320 nm), rotary evaporator, TLC plate; SPF was calculated using the Mansur equation and Lambert-Beer validation linear regression. The results showed the highest SPF of ethyl acetate fraction (36.97 at 500 ppm, high category), while the ethanol extract (9.32), n-hexane (6.71), and water (6.76) were low. Phytochemical screening was positive for alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. In conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction has optimal potential for the development of sunscreen cosmetics.

The Relationship Between Trust In Data Security And Low Use Of The JKN Mobile Application Among BPJS Kesehatan Patients At The Siriwini Community Health Center

2026-02-08T13:33:20+00:00

Digital transformation of health services through the Mobile JKN application faces significant adoption challenges in primary healthcare facilities. This study analyzes the relationship between trust in data security and the use of the Mobile JKN application among BPJS Health patients at Siriwini Public Health Center, considering the role of digital literacy as a moderating variable. Using a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, this study involved 378 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data collection used a validated structured questionnaire with a Likert scale, and data analysis employed multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis. Results show that trust in data security has a significant positive relationship with Mobile JKN application usage (β=0.648; R²=0.360; p=0.000), contributing 36 percent to the variation in application usage. Digital literacy demonstrates a stronger influence with a regression coefficient of 0.723 (R²=0.431; p=0.000), explaining 43.1 percent of the variation in application usage. Moderation analysis reveals that digital literacy strengthens the relationship between trust and application usage (interaction coefficient=0.284; p=0.000), with an additional contribution of 7.7 percent. Findings indicate that low adoption of the Mobile JKN application (62.4 percent never used) is influenced by limited trust in data security systems and digital literacy gaps. Recommendations include strengthening transparency of data security policies, segmented digital literacy improvement programs, and developing interactive tutorial features in the application to facilitate digital health technology adoption in primary healthcare facilities.

Epidemiological And Etiological Profile Of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Syndrome In Indonesia 2025: A Retrospective Descriptive Study

2026-02-17T22:16:50+00:00

Severe acute respiratory infection syndrome is a major cause of hospitalization and mortality worldwide and remains a critical public health concern in Indonesia. Laboratory-based syndromic surveillance plays an essential role in monitoring circulating respiratory pathogens and detecting emerging threats. To describe the demographic characteristics and temporal distribution of severe acute respiratory infection syndrome cases identified through laboratory-based syndromic surveillance in Indonesia during 2025. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study using routinely collected laboratory surveillance data from the National Biological Public Health Laboratory, Indonesia, during January-December 2025. The cases were defined according to World Health Organization criteria. Specimens submitted through passive syndromic surveillance were tested using polymerase chain reaction-based assays following national protocols. Descriptive analyses were performed to summarize demographic characteristics, laboratory results, and temporal and geographic distribution of the cases. A total of 194 severe acute respiratory infection syndrome cases were identified in 2025. Children under five years of age accounted for 43.8% of cases, and males represented 59.3%. Most specimens were respiratory (94.3%). Overall, 75.2% of cases tested negative for pathogens included in the testing panel. Among laboratory-confirmed cases, Legionella pneumophila (19.1%) and influenza A (8.2%) were the most frequently detected pathogens, while SARS-CoV-2 was detected in one case (0.5%). Severe acute respiratory infection disease cases were reported throughout the year, with fluctuations in weekly case counts and wide geographic distribution across provinces. Severe acute respiratory infection syndrome occurred year-round in Indonesia during 2025, with young children and older adults disproportionately affected. Despite limitations inherent to passive laboratory-based surveillance, these findings demonstrate the value of integrated severe acute respiratory infection disease surveillance for monitoring severe respiratory infections and informing public health preparedness in tropical settings.

System Failure Analysis Using FTA, LOPA, And Aspen HYSYS Approaches: The 2005 BP Texas City Case Study

2026-02-26T14:31:08+00:00

This research aims to comprehensively analyze the 2005 BP Texas City accident by integrating Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA), and Aspen HYSYS conceptual simulation. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study reconstructs systemic failures based on official investigation reports. FTA results reveal complex interactions between instrumentation failures, operational deviations, and design weaknesses as primary causes, while LOPA evaluation demonstrates the ineffectiveness of all independent protection layers in preventing hazard escalation. Furthermore, Aspen HYSYS simulation visualizes the dynamics of mass and energy imbalance during the start-up phase leading to column overfilling. This research contributes significantly to the development of process safety education by providing an integrated risk analysis framework to understand the evolution of industrial accidents holistically. The practical implications emphasize the urgency of implementing inherently safer designs, improving start-up management, and strengthening safety culture to prevent the recurrence of catastrophic incidents in the future.

Evaluation Of The Antioxidant Activity Of Lotion Containing Ethanolic Extract Of Matoa Leaves (Pometia Pinnata J.R.Forst, & G.Forst.)

2026-03-02T06:34:52+00:00

Skin exposure to environmental stress produces free radicals and ROS that accelerate aging and skin damage, while antioxidant Lotions from natural extracts such as Matoa leaves (Pometia pinnata) offer protection. This experimental study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts, the effect of concentration (0.5-6%) on the physical quality of Lotions, and the DPPH scavenging ability of the final Lotion. The population of all Matoa leaf extract Lotion formulations; a sample of 2 kg of fresh leaves from Matesih, Karanganyar was purposively selected. Instruments included a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (517 nm), a Brookfield viscometer, a pH meter; SPSS 28.0 was analyzed by ANOVA, regression for IC50. The extract was very potent (IC50 43.07 ppm) containing flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins; All Lotions met the standards (homogeneous, pH 5.22-6.34, viscosity 10,100-12,740 cP, spreadability 5-6.5 cm), FV (6%) was optimal (IC50 66.30 ppm, strong). High concentrations increased inhibition but increased viscosity, decreased spreadability (p<0.05). The findings confirm that Matoa Lotion is effective for herbal skin care; further in vivo and stability testing is recommended.

Formulation Of Sheet Mask Preparation Combination Of Moringa Leaves (Moringa Oleifera L.) And Telang Flowers (Clitoria Ternatea L.) And Physical Quality Test

2026-03-05T02:35:59+00:00

The Indonesian cosmetics industry is growing rapidly with increasing demand for herbal sheet masks due to premature aging and pollution. The combination of Moringa oleifera L. leaves and Clitoria ternatea L. flowers has antioxidant potential, but formulation studies are limited. To formulate a sheet mask combining infusions of both plants and evaluate its physical quality. Quantitative descriptive study with qualitative observation. The sheet mask formula population, 3 replications per formula and 20 respondents for irritation test. Instruments: pH meter, viscometer, skin analyzer; descriptive analysis and Shapiro-Wilk (SPSS). The formula is stable with a pH of 4.97-5.77, viscosity of 173-266 cps, spreadability of 5.8-6.2 cm, homogeneous, good organoleptic, free from irritation, and increased humidity up to 60%. Data are normal (p > 0.05). The preparation meets the physical quality standards of the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, has the potential to be a safe local skincare product.

Preparation Formulation Clay Mask From Butterfly Pea Flower Pollen (Clitoria Ternatea l.) And Yam Powder (Pachyrhizus Erosus l.) As a Natural Antioxidant

2026-01-20T00:34:55+00:00

Antioxidants play an important role in preventing cell damage, primarily through free radical scavenging mechanisms. This study aimed to formulate clay masks based on butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) and jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) flower powder and to evaluate their physical characteristics. Butterfly pea flowers were used for their anthocyanin and flavonoid content, which act as antioxidants, while jicama was chosen for its vitamin C and flavonoid content. Clay mask formulations were made with varying concentrations of butterfly pea and jicama flower powder. These were then tested for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, drying time, and antioxidant activity. The clay mask results showed good physical properties: a semi-solid texture, and a pH value within the skin-friendly range of 4.5-8.0, indicating no irritation. The homogeneity test confirmed that all formulations were uniform, without lumps or unmixed particles. The drying time of the clay masks ranged from 15.19 to 15.26 minutes, meeting the optimal range of 15-20 minutes. Antioxidant activity, formula 0 has an IC50 of 102.75 µg/mL (moderate activity), formula 1 (10% butterfly pea flowers, 10% jicama) shows strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 62.15 µg/mL. Formula 2 (12% butterfly pea flowers, 8% jicama) shows strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 53.70 µg/mL. Formula 3 (8% butterfly pea flowers, 12% jicama), with an IC50 of 41.20 µg/mL, so it is classified as very strong.

Design Of New Compounds Derived From Rosella Flavonoids As Diabetes Mellitus Enzyme Inhibitors Using Computer-Aided Drug Design Strategy

2026-02-13T00:10:26+00:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing rapidly in Indonesia with a projected prevalence of 16.09% in 2045, requiring local plant-based α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors such as the flavonoid kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside from roselle flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), which shows potential in silico inhibition but suboptimal ADMETox profile. This in silico computational experimental study aims to design kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside derivative compounds as effective inhibitors through computer-aided drug design, with a population of parent compounds, target enzymes, and acarbose as controls; purposive samples in the form of substituent modifications; PyRx-AutoDock Vina, SwissADME, Toxtree instruments; and molecular docking analysis techniques (ΔG, RMSD) and ADMETox prediction. The results showed a new compound with ΔGbind -5.0 kcal/mol (α-amylase, RMSD 1.538), -5.2 kcal/mol (α-glucosidase, RMSD 2.08), similarity of residues Asn A 570, Asp A 243, Val A 867, high GI absorption (molecular weight 340.41 g/mol, LogP 0.06), and low class I toxicity. In conclusion, the new compound has the potential as a safe oral antidiabetic drug candidate, in vitro/in vivo validation is recommended for further development

The Relationship Between Verbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication With Patient Satisfaction Of Registration Officers At Type B Hospital, Jepara Regency

2026-02-19T02:10:17+00:00

Patient satisfaction is a key indicator of hospital service quality, influenced by verbal and nonverbal communication from registration staff, who act as the gateway to service. This study aims to analyze the relationship between verbal and nonverbal communication and patient satisfaction in a Type B hospital Jepara Regency. Using a cross-sectional quantitative approach, a population of 148 outpatients (aged 18-60 years) was incidentally sampled into 108 respondents using the Slovin formula. The Chi-square results showed good verbal communication (59.3%) and a value of correlation coefficient r = 0,431, good nonverbal communication (57.4%) and a value of correlation coefficient of r = 0.403, and satisfied satisfaction (53.7%), with a significant relationship (p=0.001 for both). The conclusion states that effective communication improves patient satisfaction; ongoing communication training is recommended.

Public Sentiment Analysis of the Indonesian National Team's Performance Under Patrick Kluivert Using the Random Forest Algorithm

2026-02-25T13:55:51+00:00

This study aims to analyze public sentiment towards the performance of the Indonesian National Football Team during the Patrick Kluivert era using the Random Forest Classifier algorithm. The research data was obtained from 1,000 Twitter tweets collected through web scraping with relevant keywords, between January and March 2025. The obtained data was processed through the stages of cleaning, case folding, tokenization, stemming, and stopword removal, then converted into numeric form using the Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) method. Sentiment was categorized into two classes, namely positive and negative. The test results showed that the Random Forest model was able to classify sentiment with an accuracy rate of 83% with a precision value of 100%, a recall of 33.33%, and an F1-score of 50%. This finding confirms that public opinion towards the Indonesian National Team during the Kluivert era is divided into two main tendencies: positive support and negative criticism. This study proves that the Random Forest algorithm is effective for social media-based sentiment analysis and can be a reference for the PSSI and related parties in understanding public perception to improve the quality of team strategy and performance.

Evaluation Of Sun Protection Factor Value Of Water, Ethyl Acetate, And N-Hexane Fractions Of Ethanolic Extract Of Crystal Guava Fruit (Psidium Guajava. L.) By UV-VIS Spectrophotometry

2026-02-28T10:09:28+00:00

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause various skin damage, so an effective and safe sunscreen preparation is needed. Natural ingredients, especially crystal guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.), are known to contain secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids that have the potential as natural photoprotective agents. Crystal Guava Fruit (Psidium guajava L.) contains several secondary metabolite compounds, namely flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. The content of secondary metabolites plays a role as a Sun Protection Factor, because these compounds are able to absorb UV A and UV B rays well. This study aims to determine the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of ethyl acetate, n-Hexane, and water fractions from crystal guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.) in vitro using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method and to determine the fraction with the best sunscreen activity. The extract was prepared by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, then the extract was fractionated in stages using n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. SPF values were determined in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 290-320 nm. Each fraction was prepared in several concentrations: 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm. The study showed that all fractions had sunscreen activity with SPF values that increased with increasing concentration. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity with an SPF value of 24.249 at a concentration of 1000 ppm which is included in the ultra protection category. This study shows that the water, ethyl acetate, and n-Hexane fraction of crystal guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.) have the potential as SPF because they are in the range 2-4 (minimum category).

Characteristics And Comorbidities In Patients With Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

2026-03-04T04:46:49+00:00

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common urogenital infection in both community and hospital settings, most frequently caused by Escherichia coli. In Indonesia, UTIs are estimated to reach 90–100 cases per 100,000 population annually and occur more often in females due to a shorter urethra that facilitates microbial entry. This study aimed to describe UTI case characteristics by age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, recurrent UTI history, and clinical manifestations at Universitas Kristen Indonesia Hospital during 2020–2021. A descriptive design was applied using secondary data from medical records. A total of 102 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The highest proportion of cases occurred in the 22–59-year age group (53 patients; 52.0%). Female patients predominated (62; 60.8%). Hypertension was identified in 45 patients (44.1%) and diabetes mellitus in 25 (24.5%). Recurrent UTIs were found in 53 patients (52.0%). Dysuria was the most frequent clinical manifestation (81; 79.4%). These findings indicate that UTIs at this hospital mostly affected adult females and were commonly accompanied by hypertension and recurrent infection, with dysuria as the leading symptom.

Description Of The Level Of Public Knowledge About Gastritis In Pangombusan Village Parmaksian District

2026-02-08T13:30:00+00:00

Gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa that can be triggered by various factors, including Helicobacter pylori infection, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), irregular diet, stress, and alcohol consumption. Public knowledge about gastritis plays a role in prevention and early treatment efforts to prevent more serious complications. This study used a quantitative descriptive study using a purposive sampling technique. A total of 87 respondents were included as the study sample. The results of the study showed that most of the people in Sosor Sihobuk Hamlet, Pangombusan Village, had a good level of knowledge about gastritis. Based on the research results, it is recommended that the public maintain and improve their knowledge about gastritis through active participation in health education activities, seeking information from reliable sources, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, such as eating regularly and avoiding factors that trigger gastritis.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Of Pulmicort-Combivent And Pulmicort Single Use In Inpatients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease At Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital

2026-02-25T13:34:49+00:00

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) causes a high economic burden due to repeated hospitalizations, but the cost-effectiveness of Pulmicort-Combivent versus Pulmicort alone has not been evaluated at Dr. Moewardi Regional General Hospital. This study aims to determine ACER, ICER, and cost-effectiveness of therapy using CEA. This study was a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional observational study with a total sampling of 62 hospitalized COPD patients from January 2024 to November 2025. Medical record data instruments were analyzed using ACER, ICER, and the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the ACER of Pulmicort-Combivent Rp225,775 (40% effectiveness) was lower than that of Pulmicort alone Rp765,036 (14.03%), ICER Rp-65,554, with no significant difference (p>0.05). Both therapies were equivalent in terms of cost-effectiveness.

Effectiveness Of Skincare Therapy And Topical Treatment In The Management Of Perioral Dermatitis At Geps Aesthetic Clinic

2026-02-26T14:27:37+00:00

Effectiveness of Skincare Therapy and Topical Treatment in the Management of Perioral Dermatitis at Geps Aesthetic Clinic.Perioral dermatitis (PDO) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythema, papules, and pustules around the mouth. Skincare and topical treatments are often used to reduce inflammation and improve the skin barrier, but the effectiveness of their combination in reducing the severity of DPO is rarely evaluated. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of skincare and topical treatments in the management of DPO at Geps Aesthetic Clinic. The study used an observational analytical design with a quantitative approach based on medical records. The sample consisted of 68 patients from January 2024–April 2025 using a total sampling technique. Severity was assessed using the Perioral Dermatitis Severity Index (PODSI) from month 0 to month 3 and analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. The results showed a significant decrease in PODSI scores in the first (p<0.001), second (p=0.043), and third (p<0.001) months. In the third month, 72.1% of patients were in the mild category and 2.9% were in the severe category. The combination therapy was effective in gradually reducing the severity of DPO over three months.

Antibacterial Activity Test Of Extract And Fraction Of N-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate And Water Of Pineapple Peel (Ananas Comosus (L.) Merr.) Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis ATCC 12228 Bacteria

2026-03-02T06:38:19+00:00

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a bacteria that causes mild skin infections accompanied by abscesses, with a high prevalence in Indonesia, requiring natural alternatives due to antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluated antibacterial activity of 96% ethanol extract and n-hexane, ethyl acetate, water fractions of pineapple peel (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 and to determined MIC/MBC of the most active fraction. This quantitative and experimental study used the disk diffusion and liquid/solid dilution. methods. Population: pineapple peels from Blitar, East Java; sample: 700 g Simplicia powder. The nstruments included rotary evaporator, incubator, autoklaf, laminar air flow; data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis (SPSS 25). Results showed that extract produced inhibition zones ranging from 5.63–11.43 mm, ethyl acetate fraction 3.80–7.55 mm, water 2.35–6.88 mm, n-hexane was inactive. The MIC and MBC values of the extract were 25%; ethyl acetate fraction MIC and MBC were 50%. Extract, ethyl acetate, and water fractions exhibited antibacterial activity aginst S. epidermidis, with extract being the most effective.

The Relationship Between Family Support And Self-Motivation And Medication Adherence In Hypertensive Patients At The Pallangga Community Health Center In Gowa Regency

2026-03-05T02:25:58+00:00

Hypertension is a global health problem with an increasing number of sufferers. The success of hypertension management is largely determined by patient compliance in taking medication, but noncompliance remains a common obstacle. This condition leads to suboptimal blood pressure control and increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. This study aims to determine whether there is a significant relationship between family support and self-motivation on medication adherence in hypertensive patients. This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study consisted of 67 respondents, and the study was conducted at the Pallangga Community Health Center. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires on family support, self-motivation, and medication adherence. After conducting a statistical test using the Chi-Square test, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between family support and medication adherence in hypertensive patients at the Pallangga Community Health Center in Gowa Regency, with a p-value of 0.014 (< 0.05). There was also a significant relationship between self-motivation and medication adherence among hypertensive patients at the Pallangga Community Health Center in Gowa Regency, with a p-value of 0.023 (< 0.05). Family support and self-motivation are significantly related to medication adherence among hypertensive patients at the Pallangga Community Health Center in Gowa Regency. Adequate family support and high self-motivation have been proven to increase patient consistency in undergoing treatment. Thus, these two factors need to be considered in efforts to improve adherence to hypertension treatment.

Financial Management of Health Services in Improving Efficiency and Service Quality: A Systematic Literature Review

2026-01-11T03:33:06+00:00

Financial management in health services plays a crucial role in improving efficiency and service quality,
particularly in the context of limited resources and the implementation of national health financing systems.
This study aims to analyze the role of health service financial management in enhancing efficiency and quality
of care through a systematic literature review approach. Articles were identified using Google Scholar with a
publication period from 2020 to 2025. Of the 200 articles initially identified, a screening and eligibility process
based on inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 10 relevant articles for analysis. The findings indicate that
effective financial management through budget planning, cost control, health economic evaluation, and
optimization of health financing systems such as the National Health Insurance contributes to improved
operational efficiency and service quality. In addition, strong financial performance and managerial
innovations, including digitalization, support improvements in service processes and outcomes. This review
concludes that integrated and performance-based financial management is a strategic factor in achieving
efficient, high-quality, and sustainable health services.

Differences In The Effect Of Flash Card And Video Models On The Level Of Knowledge, Attitude And Compliance Of Pregnant Women In Consuming FE Tablets In Preventing Anemia In UPT Sindang Danau Community Health Center

2026-02-12T02:36:44+00:00

Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells decreases to meet the body's physiological needs. Anemia can be caused by a lack of nutrients that play a role in red blood cell formation. Anemia during pregnancy can cause complications that negatively impact both the mother and the fetus. Factors that can influence anemia include adherence to iron tablet consumption, which is related to the level of knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women regarding iron tablet consumption. The better the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women, the better their adherence to iron tablet consumption to prevent anemia during pregnancy, and vice versa. This study aimed to determine whether education about anemia for pregnant women through flashcards and videos could improve the knowledge, attitudes, and adherence of pregnant women regarding iron tablet consumption to prevent anemia. This study was conducted from November to December 2025. This quantitative study used a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The sample size for this study was 30 respondents. The instrument used was a questionnaire to assess knowledge, attitudes, and adherence to iron tablet consumption. The statistical test results using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test using SPSS obtained an Asymp. Sig. value of 0.000 or a p-value of <0.05, indicating a difference in the level of knowledge, attitudes, and compliance of pregnant women before and after being provided with counseling using flash cards and videos at the Sindang Danau Community Health Center. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the level of knowledge, attitudes, and compliance of pregnant women before and after being provided with counseling using flash cards and videos at the Sindang Danau Community Health Center.

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2026-02-17T22:11:45+00:00

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Medical rehabilitation plays a vital role in post-stroke recovery In Indonesia, the prevalence of stroke shows a continuing increasing case. Data from the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) recorded a stroke prevalence of 10.9 per 1,000 population. To describe the characteristics of stroke patients undergoing medical rehabilitation at Datu Sanggul Regional Hospital. This study used a retrospective descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. Secondary data were obtained from electronic medical records of stroke patients who underwent medical rehabilitation in 2024. A total of 80 patients with non-hemorrhagic stroke were included. The largest age group was 50–59 years (35%). Male patients predominated compared to females (53.75% vs 46.25%). The most common comorbidity was hypertension (65%), followed by diabetes mellitus (35%), dyslipidemia (31.25%), heart disease (25%), obesity (12.5%), chronic kidney disease (10%), and previous stroke (15%). Most patients had more than one comorbidity. The therapeutic modalities were predominantly centered on core interventions, including NMES and exercise (100%), IRR(93,7%), IF (90%) and other adjuvant therapies. Non-hemorrhagic stroke patients at Datu Sanggul Regional Hospital were predominantly in the late productive age group and had significant vascular risk factors. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive medical rehabilitation services and the presence of physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists can significantly accelerate the functional recovery process in stroke patients.

Analysis Of The Influence Of Safety Climate On Occupational Safety Behavior In The Industry: Literature Review

2026-02-25T13:51:29+00:00

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a crucial component of industrial management systems aimed at reducing workplace accidents, injuries, and losses arising from occupational risks. One of the factors influencing safety performance is safety climate, defined as employees’ perceptions of the extent to which the organization prioritizes and implements safety practices. This study aims to analyze the effect of safety climate on safety behavior in industrial settings. The method used was a literature review, limited to publications from the last five years in both Indonesian and English, particularly focusing on high-risk industries. The review of five selected journals indicates that safety climate has a positive and significant influence on safety behavior at work. The main factors shaping safety climate perceptions include management commitment, safety communication, OHS training, and safety leadership. Furthermore, safety climate acts as a mediating variable linking safety leadership and safety knowledge to safe work behavior. In conclusion, the stronger employees’ perceptions of safety climate, the higher their level of compliance and participation in workplace safety practices within industrial environments.

Antioxidant Body Lotion Formulation From Yakon Leaf Extract (Smallanthus Sonchifolius)

2026-02-27T08:42:35+00:00

Free radicals due to UV exposure, pollution, and the environment damage the skin and accelerate premature aging, so natural antioxidants are needed. This study aims to formulate and evaluate antioxidant body lotion from ethanol extract of yacon leaves (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Semi-quantitative laboratory experimental research used old yacon leaves from Wonosobo as a purposive sample (1,897 g of dried simplicia). Instruments include a UV-Vis spectrophotometer for DPPH (515 nm) test, a Brookfield viscometer, and a pH meter. Data analysis used IC₅₀ regression and physical quality standards (SNI). The results showed that the IC₅₀ of the extract was 28.08 ppm (very strong, <50 ppm), positive phytochemical screening (phenolics, flavonoids), and all lotion formulas (F0-F3: 0-10% extract) met physical standards (pH 4.6-6.2, viscosity 2,187-9,230 cps, O/W emulsion). Formula F1 (2.5%) was optimal overall. The conclusion is that yacon leaf extract has strong potential for the development of a stable body lotion.

Overview Of The Use Of Modern Contraceptives Among Fertile Age Couples In Ngrandu Village

2026-03-04T04:40:37+00:00

The continuous and uncontrolled population growth has a significant impact on demographic aspects and various sectors of life, including the health sector. Family Planning (KB) is one of the government's programs to reduce the birth rate through the use of contraceptives. This study was conducted to obtain an overview of modern contraceptive use among couples of childbearing age (PUS) in Ngrandu Village, reviewed from several demographic characteristics such as age, education level, and type of work. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach with secondary data obtained from the 2024 Self-Awareness Survey conducted by the Ngrandu Health Center. The research sample consisted of women aged 15–49 years who were married. Data analysis was conducted descriptively, and the data were presented in the form of frequency distribution tables and percentages. This study revealed that based on demographic characteristics such as age, education level, and employment status, the participation rate of couples of childbearing age in Ngrandu Village was still relatively low (34.94%). Based on demographic characteristics such as age, education level, and employment status, short-term contraception methods (non-MKJP) were the most widely used contraception methods (55%). Couples of reproductive age who frequently use short-term contraceptive methods (Non-MKJP) are in the 35-39 age group (13.79%) and the 40-44 age group (13.79%), have a high school education or equivalent (27.59%), and are unemployed/housewives (37.93%). Overall, the distribution of contraceptive use among couples of childbearing age in Ngrandu Village shows certain trends in these demographic characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and optimize reproductive health education and promotion activities, especially those related to contraceptive use among couples of childbearing age.

The Relationship Between Age, Body Weight, And Gestational Hypertension In Second Trimester Pregnant Women At The Ngembal Kulon Community Health Center

2026-02-14T03:16:40+00:00

Gestational hypertension is a major pregnancy complication with a prevalence of 6.18% in Indonesia (RISKESDAS 2018), influenced by age at risk and obesity, but local data from the Ngembal Kulon Community Health Center is limited. This study aims to analyze the relationship between age and body weight (BMI) with gestational hypertension in second-trimester pregnant women. This type of quantitative analytical observational case-control study was conducted on the population of second-trimester pregnant women at the Ngembal Kulon Community Health Center from January to February 2026 with a sample of 60 total sampling respondents (case:control ratio 1:2). Digital sphygmomanometer instruments and digital scales were analyzed univariately (frequency, mean) and bivariately (Chi-Square, OR) via SPSS (α = 0.05). The results showed a prevalence of 33.3%; At-risk age (≤20/≥35 years, 35%) was dominant in cases (76.2%, OR=28, p=0.000) and overweight-obesity (BMI≥25, 33.3%) in 75% of cases (OR=0.048, p=0.000). The conclusion that at-risk age and overweight-obesity were significantly associated with gestational hypertension recommends routine ANC screening and nutrition education.

Nursing Care For Physical Mobility Disorders In Mrs. M With Osteoarthritis At Rojin Home Iryou Houjin Aiwakai Ikeda, En Japan

2026-02-20T14:47:33+00:00

Knee osteoarthritis is a major cause of impaired physical mobility in the elderly, especially in facilities such as Japanese nursing homes, with a high prevalence due to aging and obesity. This study aims to describe nursing care for impaired physical mobility in Mrs. M (88 years old) through Range of Motion (ROM) exercises. Using a descriptive single case study design at Ruojin Home Iryou Houjin Aiwakai Ikeda En, Japan (July 2025), the elderly population with knee OA with a single purposive sample (Mrs. M). Instruments included Gordon sheet, NRS pain, MMT, goniometer, observation, and interviews; analysis through narrative nursing process and pre-post chart. The results showed a decrease in pain NRS 2-3 to mild, improvement in antalgic gait, and tolerance to walk 5m x3 without excessive rest after 3 days of passive ROM plus mobilization, although MMT remained 3/5. Conclusion: ROM intervention is effective in improving daily function but requires a longer duration for significant improvement.

The Effect Of Work Life Balance On Nurses' Job Satisfaction In Hospitals : Literature Review

2026-02-26T14:25:02+00:00

Work life balance is an important aspect that can affect the job satisfaction of health workers, especially nurses. Knowing the influence work life balance on health workers, especially nurses in hospitals, on the job satisfaction they get. This study uses a literature review methodology, by reviewing relevant articles from google scholar, science direct, springer link, and portal Garuda using the search keyword Work life Balance and Impact and Hospital and Health workforces or Health Workers and Job and Satisfaction with journal inclusion criteria published at least the last 5 years, open access, and relevant to the objectives of the research to be carried out. 6 articles relevant to the research were obtained from national articles. This review focuses on the balance between work and personal life that can affect positive the level of job satisfaction and the quality of service that will be provided by health workers on organizational performance with the results showing that WLB generally has a significant effect on nurse job satisfaction. However, there is a negative influence obtained from other factors originating from individuals, organizations and the environment such as job stress, burnout, compensation and intrinsic motivation. The article obtained that there is an influence of work life balance on job satisfaction of health workers which contributes positively. However, it is not the only determinant of nurses' job satisfaction, but various other factors that influence each other.

Formulation Of Antifungal Solid Soap From 96% Ethanol Extract Of Neem Leaves (Azadirachta Indica A.Juss) Against Malassezia Furfur ATCC 14251

2026-02-28T10:20:56+00:00

Fungal skin infections are still a health problem in tropical regions, especially those caused by Malassezia furfur, so alternative natural skin cleansing preparations are needed that are safe and effective. Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) are known to have antifungal activity and have the potential to be developed into solid soap preparations. This study aims to formulate an antifungal solid soap made from 96 percent ethanol extract of neem leaves, evaluate the physical quality of the preparation, and test its antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur. This study is a laboratory experimental study with a pretest-posttest only control group design. The study population was neem leaves obtained from Mount Pati District, Semarang, with simplicia samples selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research instruments included formulation equipment, physical quality tests based on SNI 3532:2016, and antifungal activity tests using the well diffusion method, while data analysis was carried out using nonparametric statistical tests. The results showed that all soap formulas met the physical quality requirements, and the formulation with a 10 percent extract concentration produced the largest inhibition zone diameter against Malassezia furfur, although it was still relatively weak. The conclusion of this study is that neem leaf extract solid soap has potential as a natural skin cleanser with antifungal activity, but further development and optimization of the formulation are needed to increase its effectiveness.

Overview Of The Level Of Knowledge Of Young Women About Breast Self-Examination As An Early Detection of Breast Cancer

2026-03-04T05:03:02+00:00

Often due to late early detection despite the effectiveness of Breast Self-Examination (BSE) since adolescence. This study aims to describe the level of knowledge of female adolescents at Senior High School Batik 1 Surakarta about BSE. Using a quantitative descriptive design, the population was 682 female students, a sample of 87 female students via simple random sampling (Slovin formula). The BSE questionnaire instrument (18 Guttman items, valid r=0.389-0.745; reliable α=0.894), univariate frequency/percentage analysis via SPSS (classification: good 76-100%, sufficient 56-75%, low ≤55%). The results showed that 48.3% had sufficient knowledge, 42.5% had good knowledge, 9.2% had low knowledge; The majority were aged 14-17 years (97.7%), had not been exposed to information (77%), and had not practiced BSE (86.2%). The study concluded that the majority had sufficient knowledge, but needed intensive education to improve understanding and early detection behavior.

Comparative Analysis Of The Economic Burden Of Tuberculosis Patients With And Without HIV In Kupang City

2026-02-09T13:29:33+00:00

Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health problem that imposes a substantial economic burden, particularly among patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) coinfection. This study aimed to analyze the differences in economic burden between TB patients with HIV and TB patients without HIV in Kupang City. This study employed an analytic observational design with a case–control approach. A total of 64 respondents were included, consisting of 34 TB–HIV patients as the case group and 34 TB patients without HIV as the control group, selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The economic burden analyzed included direct non-medical costs, indirect costs, and the occurrence of catastrophic costs. The results showed differences in the total economic burden between TB patients and TB–HIV patients in Kupang City. TB–HIV patients tended to bear a higher economic burden than TB patients without HIV. These differences were mainly driven by higher direct non-medical costs and indirect costs, particularly income loss, asset sales, and indebtedness during the treatment period. In addition, the proportion of patients experiencing catastrophic costs was higher in the TB–HIV group than in the TB group. The study demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the total economic burden between the two groups. The median direct non-medical cost among TB–HIV patients was IDR 113,500.00, which was higher than that among TB patients without HIV (IDR 17,500.00; p < 0.001). The median indirect cost among TB–HIV patients was IDR 2,450,000.00, whereas it was IDR 0.00 among TB patients without HIV (p < 0.001). A total of 23.5% of TB–HIV patients experienced catastrophic costs, while none were observed among TB patients without HIV, with a significant association between HIV status and the occurrence of catastrophic costs (p < 0.003).

Formulation And Evaluation Of Sunscreen Spray Gel Preparations From Kepok Banana Flower Extract (Musa Acuminata X M. Balbisiana) With Variations In Extract Concentration Based On SPF Value

2026-02-25T13:47:18+00:00

UV exposure causes skin damage such as erythema and premature aging, so natural sunscreens are needed such as ethanol extract of kepok banana flowers (Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana) which are rich in flavonoids and polyphenols. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variations in extract concentration (0.8%, 1%, 1.2%) on the physical characteristics and SPF value of spray gel. This type of descriptive experimental study used the maceration method, formulation with carbopol 940, and in vitro evaluation. The extract population was from Pontianak, samples of three formulas with three replications. Instruments used were UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Brookfield viscometer; ANOVA analysis and linear regression. The results showed pH 5.64-6.25, viscosity 989-1915 cPs, homogeneous, SPF 15.90 (F1) to 18.76 (F3). Conclusion: A concentration of 1.2% is optimal for effective and stable sunscreen spray gel.

Case Report: Nursing Care After Cesarean Section in S P1A0 UK 38 Weeks With Indications Of Presbo Primitua

2026-02-27T08:38:57+00:00

Cesarean section (CS) is a surgical procedure to deliver a fetus through an incision in the abdominal wall and uterus. One of the factors for performing a cesarean section (CS) is breech presentation. Mothers who undergo cesarean section due to breech presentation require intensive care and monitoring. To reduce possible complications, postpartum mothers with this indication require monitoring in nursing care. To analyze nursing care for patients with Primigravida P1A0 in the Kalibiru Lor Ward of Wates Kulon Progo Regional General Hospital. The research design used an observational case study with the research object obtained from 1 patient with Primigravida Breech Presentation in the Kalibiru Lor Ward of Wates Kulon Progo Regional General Hospital. This case had nursing diagnoses of acute pain, ineffective breastfeeding, and risk of falling. Nursing outcomes were pain level, breastfeeding status, and fall risk. Nursing interventions and implementation included pain management, breastfeeding education, and environmental fall prevention. Conclusion: Nursing care in this case resulted in the resolution of acute pain, effective breastfeeding, and the mitigation of fall risk.

Diagnosis Of Root Canal Obturation Failure (Tooth 24) Due To Post-Endodontic Treatment Flare-Up With Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Radiography

2026-03-02T06:27:28+00:00

Post-obduration flare-up is a rare acute complication characterized by severe pain occurring within a few days following endodontic treatment. In a treated tooth, acute pain triggered by masticatory forces often leads to the initial clinical suspicion of a Vertical Root Fracture (VRF). This case report aims to demonstrate the crucial role of CBCT in diagnosing the etiology of flare-up in tooth 24. An 18-year-old male patient experienced severe pain on tooth 24, 1-3 days post-obduration, exacerbated after consuming satay. Initial periapical radiography (2D) failed to show a VRF or clear periapical lesions. Subsequent CBCT examination (3D) ruled out VRF and instead revealed a non-hermetic root canal filling defect (intraradicular void) in the mid-root section. CBCT proved essential for the definitive diagnosis, guiding the treatment plan toward retreatment and providing a better prognosis compared to VRF.

The Effectiveness Of health Education Using leaflets On Increasing Knowledge And Hemoglobin Levels In Pregnant Women At The Independent Practice Of Midwife Salabiah, Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe City, in 2025

2026-03-16T14:19:24+00:00

Anemia remains a global health problem, particularly among pregnant women. In Aceh, the prevalence reached 36.3% in 2024, while in Lhokseumawe City in 2025, there were 154 cases out of 4,253 pregnant women (3.62%), with a higher rate at BPM Bidan Salabiah (25.9%). A preliminary survey in August 2025 showed 35% of pregnant women had hemoglobin levels <11 g/dL along with low understanding of nutrition and iron supplementation. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health education using leaflets on pregnant women’s knowledge about hemoglobin levels at BPM Bidan Salabiah, Banda Sakti District, Lhokseumawe City. The research was conducted on August 20, 202. The study employed a quasi-experimental one group pre-test post-test design with 7 purposively selected respondents. Data were collected using a knowledge questionnaire and analyzed with the paired t-test. Results showed the average knowledge score before the intervention was 4.86 and increased to 8.29 after, with a mean difference of 3.24. Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.001 (<0.05), indicating a significant effect of leaflet-based health education on knowledge improvement. In coclusion, leaflets are effective in increasing pregnant women’s knowledge about hemoglobin levels as an effort to prevent anemia. It is recommended that health workers, particularly midwives, use leaflets as a simple, practical educational tool. Future studies should involve larger samples and consider additional variables such as adherence to iron tablet consumption and actual hemoglobin levels.

Strengthening The Motivation Of Community Health Center Officers In Increasing Community Satisfaction Through The Integration Of The Job Demands–Resources Model And Conservation Of Resources

2026-02-04T02:08:23+00:00

Digital transformation in primary health care services has increased work demands among health workers, particularly in administrative tasks and application-based reporting systems. This condition may affect the work motivation of Puskesmas staff if it is not balanced with adequate work resources. This community service activity aimed to strengthen the work motivation of Puskesmas health workers through an integrative approach of the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model and the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory. The activity was conducted at UPTD Muara Rapak Public Health Center, Balikpapan, using a descriptive participatory approach. The stages included identification of work-related problems, prioritization of key issues, implementation of educational and reflective interventions, and initial evaluation of staff responses. The intervention focused on improving staff understanding of the balance between job demands and job resources, as well as the importance of protecting individual resources in dealing with digital work demands. The results indicated an improvement in staff awareness and understanding regarding workload management, utilization of organizational support, and maintenance of individual resources. The integration of the JD-R model and COR theory is considered relevant as a conceptual basis for strengthening health workers’ motivation in primary health care settings. This activity is expected to serve as an initial reference for developing human resource strengthening strategies in primary health care services.

Memory Activity Test Of Ethanol Extract Of Oil Palm Leaves (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) On White Mice (Mus Musculus) With Radial Arm Maze Method

2026-02-14T03:20:01+00:00

Memory loss is a cognitive disorder in which oxidative stress is one of the main contributing factors. Palm leaves oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) contains flavonoids and antioxidants that are believed to improve memory. This study aims to determine whether oil palm leaf extract can improve memory activity in mice and determine the most effective dosage. This study was a pure experimental study with 25 mice divided into five groups, namely negative control (CMC Na 1%), positive control (Ginkgo biloba), and treatment groups with ethanol extracts of oil palm leaves at doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW. The mice were induced with 10% alcohol and then given treatment for 7 days. Memory activity was tested using the Radial Arm Maze method, with parameters measured including latency time and error rate. The data obtained were then analyzed using SPSS, including normality and homogeneity tests, Anova, and followed by the Tukey test. The results showed that doses of palm leaf extract (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW had an effect on the memory of mice. The effective dose for improving memory in the T1-T2 latency time difference was 200 mg/kgBW and 300 mg/kgBW with a P value > 0.05, which was not significantly different from the positive control, and the T1-T2 error rate difference was 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW, with a P value > 0.05, showing no significant difference from the positive controls. This proves that oil palm leaf extract can enhance memory activity in mice.

Evaluation Of The Use Of Mdi And Dpi Inhaler Preparations In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Copd) Patients At Uns Hospital

2026-02-20T14:45:03+00:00

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive and not fully reversible airflow limitation. One of the main therapies for COPD is inhaled medication delivered through Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI) and Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI). The success of therapy is strongly influenced by the correctness of inhaler technique, as improper use can reduce drug deposition in the airways and affect clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of MDI and DPI inhaler use and its relationship with the FEV₁/FVC ratio in COPD patients at RS UNS. This study employed a non-experimental design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 100 COPD patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected using purposive sampling. Sociodemographic data and inhaler-use accuracy were obtained through direct interviews, while FEV₁/FVC values were collected from medical records. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that most respondents were over 45 years old (80%) and female (56%). The level of correct inhaler use was low in both MDI users (22.2% correct) and DPI users (13.2% correct). There was no significant relationship between sociodemographic factors and inhaler-use accuracy (p > 0.05). However, a highly significant relationship was found between inhaler-use accuracy and achievement of the FEV₁/FVC ratio (p < 0.001), in which all patients with correct inhaler technique achieved the target FEV₁/FVC. In conclusion, appropriate inhaler technique plays a crucial role in achieving optimal pulmonary function outcomes in COPD patients. Therefore, continuous education and regular evaluation of inhaler technique are essential to support the success of COPD therapy.

Test In Silico Compounds Of Lime Leaves (Citrus Amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse) As Inhibitors Of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Causes Hypertension

2026-02-26T14:20:54+00:00

Hypertension is a global health problem with high prevalence and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. One of the main mechanisms of hypertension is increased Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity. The use of synthetic ACE inhibitors often causes side effects, such as nausea, hyperkalaemia, headaches, swelling of the lower skin, coughing, taste disturbances, and angioneurotic edema. Therefore, natural-based alternatives are needed. Lime leaves (Citrus amblycarpa) are known to contain various bioactive compounds that have the potential to act as ACE inhibitors. This study aims to analyze the interaction of active compounds in lime leaves with ACE through molecular docking, as well as to predict their ADME profile and toxicity. The study was conducted in silico using PyRx–AutoDock Vina for molecular docking, PyMOL and BIOVIA Discovery Studio for interaction visualization, SwissADME for ADME prediction, and ToxTree for toxicity analysis. Method validation was performed based on an RMSD value < 2Å. The results of the study indicate that 1,3-benzenedicarboxamide is the best compound with an RMSD value of 1.998 Å and a bond free energy (ΔG) of −6.4 kcal/mol, forming specific amino acid residue bonds similar to the native captopril ligand. ADME predictions meet Lipinski's Rule of Five criteria and fall into the low toxicity category (Class I) based on Cramer's rules. The compound 1,3-benzenedicarboxamide has the potential to be developed as a candidate ACE inhibitor for hypertension therapy.

Troponin Profile Of Clopidogrel And Ticagrelor With Old Generation PPIs In Myocardial Infarction Patients

2026-02-28T10:14:53+00:00

Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of cardiovascular death in Indonesia with an increasing prevalence. The interaction of clopidogrel-ticagrelor with older-generation PPIs can affect antiplatelet efficacy and troponin levels. This study aims to describe troponin levels in the use of clopidogrel and ticagrelor with older-generation PPIs and their relationship to patient characteristics and lipid profiles. A retrospective descriptive observational method was conducted on 76 myocardial infarction patients at March eleventh University Hospital (November 2024-November 2025) using medical record data. Univariate (frequency, mean) and bivariate (Chi-Square, p<0.05) analyses were processed using SPSS. The results showed that the majority of patients were male (66%), aged 46-65 years (64%). There was no significant association between gender (p=0.542), age (p=0.415), clopidogrel-PPI (p=0.346), ticagrelor-PPI (p=0.368), and LDL (p=0.100) with troponin, but triglycerides were significantly associated (p=0.040). The average troponin of clopidogrel was 9.465 ng/L, higher than that of ticagrelor (3.879 ng/L). It was concluded that triglycerides significantly influenced troponin, while patient characteristics and the combination of antiplatelet-PPI did not.

Predictors Of Antihypertensive Drug (AHD) Therapy Failure Among Elderly Patients At Sangkrah Public Health Center, Surakarta.

2026-03-04T04:55:43+00:00

Hypertension is the most common non-communicable disease in Indonesia with a prevalence of 34.1% in adults aged 18 years and above, with the elderly at high risk due to physiological changes such as decreased kidney function and arterial stiffness. This study aims to identify predictors of antihypertensive drug (ADH) therapy failure and dominant factors in elderly patients at the Sangkrah Surakarta Community Health Center. A quantitative analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design involved 96 elderly respondents (≥60 years) with ADH therapy for at least 3 months, selected the Lemeshow formula and total sampling. Medical record data and questionnaires covering demographics, knowledge, adherence (MMAS-8), lifestyle, were analyzed univariately, bivariately (Chi-Square), multivariate (logistic regression) using SPSS. The results showed 72.9% were male, 71.9% had good knowledge, 80.2% were compliant; Age (p=0.629), gender (p=0.622), and education (p=0.559) were not significant, but knowledge significantly influenced adherence (p=0.011). Low knowledge was the main predictor of therapy failure (BP ≥140/90 mmHg). Intensive education is recommended to improve adherence.

The Role of Home Physical Environment and Family Behavior in Preventing Pneumonia among Under-Five Children in a High-Density Urban Area of Jakarta, Indononesia

2026-02-23T10:37:32+00:00

This study aimed to examine the association between home physical environmental conditions, family behavior, and pneumonia occurrence among under-five children in a high-density urban area of Jakarta, Indonesia. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in RW 14, Cengkareng Barat, West Jakarta. Data were collected from caregivers of 60 under-five children using structured questionnaires and observational checklists. Associations were analyzed using chi-square tests, and prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated. Seventeen children (28.3%) had a history of pneumonia. Bedroom occupancy density was significantly associated with pneumonia occurrence (p = 0.002), with adequate occupancy density showing a protective effect (PR = 0.094; 95% CI: 0.013–0.678). Family smoking behavior was also significantly associated with pneumonia occurrence (p = 0.033; PR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.02–3.36). Other household environmental factors were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Overcrowded sleeping conditions and indoor smoking behavior are key household determinants of pneumonia among under-five children in densely populated urban settings. Household-focused preventive interventions addressing overcrowding and smoke-free homes should be prioritized.

Determination Of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Values Of Water, Ethyl Acetate, And N-Hexane Fractions Of Kepok Banana Flowers (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana) Using The UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method

2026-02-25T13:40:42+00:00

Indonesia as a tropical country faces high UV exposure which causes premature skin aging and cancer risk, so it is necessary to have natural sunscreen from antioxidant-rich plants such as kepok banana flowers (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana). This study aims to determine the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value and protection category of water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of kepok banana flowers. This type of research is descriptive experimental with ethanol maceration method, multilevel fractionation, phytochemical screening, TLC, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry (290-320 nm, Mansur formula).The results showed that the different types of solvents in each fraction influenced the resulting SPF value. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest protective activity compared to the other fractions. The SPF values of the kepok banana flower water fraction with concentrations of 60 ppm, 80 ppm, 100 ppm, 120 ppm, and 140 ppm were 4.662; 7.757; 9.055; 11.944; 15.264, respectively, with moderate-ultra protection. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained SPF values of 18.433; 18.968; 19.203; 19.672; 20.203 with ultra protection. The n-hexane fraction obtained SPF values of 1.190; 1.762; 2.278; 3.575; 4.598 with the category of no-moderate protection.. Concludedthat kepok banana flowers have potential as a natural sunscreen agent, where the ethyl acetate and water fractions provide the most optimal sun protection effectiveness (SPF) compared to the n-hexane fraction.

Evaluation Of Physical Hazard Potential And Health Risk Assessment Using Integrated HRA with ArcGIS®

2026-02-26T14:33:01+00:00

This study evaluates occupational health risks due to exposure to physical factors in the workshop of PT Wesi Kuning Sukses using a quantitative observational design with a cross- sectional approach. The methodology integrates Similar Exposure Groups (SEG), semi- quantitative Health Risk Assessment (HRA), and ArcGIS® spatial modeling. The measurement procedures are based on national technical standard literature studies, including SNI 8427:2017 (noise), SNI 16-7061-2004 (heat), SNI 7062:2019 (lighting), SNI 7054:2019 (vibration), and SNI 16-7060-2004 (UV radiation). The results show noise (93 dBA) and ultraviolet radiation (0.71 µW/cm²) as high-risk priority threats because they exceed the Threshold Limit Value (TLV). Conversely, the parameters of lighting, heat, and vibration are categorized as medium risk according to Permenaker No. 5 of 2018. Spatial analysis identified critical hazard zones within a radius of 0–9 meters, while areas beyond 15 meters were deemed safe for residential use. Although biological monitoring did not reveal acute complaints, latent risks remain. The integration of SEG, HRA, and ArcGIS® proved effective in developing an accurate industrial hygiene management system for long-term occupational health protection.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Sheet Mask Ethanol Extract of Kesum Leaves (Polygonum Minus H) Using DPPH and FRAP Methods

2026-03-02T06:33:36+00:00

Skin aging due to oxidative stress from free radicals requires natural antioxidants such as kesum leaves (Polygonum minus Huds.) which are rich in flavonoids and phenolics. This study aims to formulate a sheet mask from ethanol extract of kesum leaves at a concentration of 1-3%, evaluate the physicochemical properties, and compare antioxidant activity with DPPH and FRAP methods. Quantitative experimental research with a comparative design used purposive sampling of kesum extracts and formulations (F0-F3), with three replications per concentration (a total of 12 samples). Instruments include a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (DPPH 517 nm, FRAP 593 nm), pH meter, viscometer; linear regression data analysis for IC₅₀ and t/ANOVA test. The results showed that the IC₅₀ extract DPPH 38.12 ppm (very strong) and FRAP 67.37 ppm (strong); F3 sheet mask optimal IC₅₀ DPPH 41.59 ppm, pH 5.43, viscosity 385 mPa.s, spreadability 6.7 cm, non-irritant, increased humidity 50-60%. The DPPH method is more sensitive than FRAP. In conclusion, F3 sheet mask has the potential to be a strong antioxidant for anti-aging cosmetics, in vivo and stability tests are recommended.

D-Dimer In Pregnancy

2026-03-05T02:44:39+00:00

D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product that serves as a vital biomarker in the fibrinolytic system. This review aims to examine the role and mechanism of D-dimer during pregnancy and its measurement methods. The method used is a literature review of clinical studies and references related to hemostasis in pregnancy. Results show that pregnancy physiologically increases coagulation activity as a natural mechanism to prevent hemorrhage during delivery. Increased D-dimer levels are found in 27% of first-trimester pregnancies, 87% in the second trimester, and 100% in the third trimester. Pathological conditions such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) risks are closely linked to significant surges in D-dimer levels. While ELISA remains the gold standard for D-dimer testing, immunoturbidimetric and immunofiltration methods are more commonly used due to their speed and efficiency. In conclusion, although D-dimer levels naturally rise during pregnancy, monitoring this parameter is crucial for predicting medical emergencies like disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) to reduce maternal mortality rates.

The Relationship Between Self-Care Management and Medication Adherence Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Working Area of UPTD Puskesmas III North Denpasar

2026-02-03T02:23:27+00:00

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long-term management through the implementation of self-care management and medication adherence. Low medication adherence remains a significant problem that leads to suboptimal disease control and an increased risk of complications. This study aimed to determine the relationship between self-care management and medication adherence among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the working area of UPTD Puskesmas III North Denpasar. This study employed a descriptive correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 104 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8). Data analysis was conducted using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results showed that most respondents had a moderate level of self-care management (67.3%) and a low level of medication adherence (57.7%). Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.001 with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.554, indicating a positive and significant relationship with moderate strength. These findings indicate that improved self-care management plays an important role in enhancing medication adherence through increased patient understanding and responsibility for treatment. This study highlights the importance of self-care management education and continuous support in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Awareness And Legal Protection For Nursing Staff At Dharma Yadnya Hospital, Denpasar

2026-02-13T00:15:09+00:00

This study aims to analyze the awareness and implementation of legal protection for nursing personnel at Dharma Yadnya General Hospital in Denpasar. The research is motivated by the high legal risks faced by nurses due to unclear boundaries of medical authority and the weak legal protection system within hospital institutions. The study employs an empirical legal method with a qualitative descriptive approach through in-depth interviews with nurses and hospital management, as well as document analysis of relevant regulations and internal policies. The findings reveal that legal protection for nursing personnel at Dharma Yadnya Hospital remains general in nature, lacks a specific legal assistance unit, and has no clear internal guidelines. Legal, structural, and cultural factors significantly influence the effectiveness of legal protection, where the hospital’s adherence to the Tri Hita Karana philosophy often creates a dilemma between maintaining harmony and asserting legal rights. In conclusion, strengthening legal protection for nurses requires the establishment of a legal protection unit, the formulation of internal delegation guidelines, and continuous legal awareness training grounded in professional and spiritual values.

Antibacterial Activity Test Of Ethanol Extract And N-Hexane Fraction, Ethyl Acetate, Moringa Leaf Water (Moringa Oleifera L) Against Streptococcus Mutans ATCC 25175 Bacteria

2026-02-28T10:11:43+00:00

Dental caries remains a major oral health problem globally and in Indonesia, triggered by Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Chemical agents such as chlorhexidine have side effects, encouraging the use of natural alternatives from Moringa oleifera L. leaves. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts and n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, identify the most active fraction, and determine the MIC and MBC. This quantitative study used diffusion and dilution methods. Bacteria: Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175; samples: ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera L. leaves and n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. Data analysis used SPSS 25 One-Way ANOVA, Tukey (p<0.05). Results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active with 12.36 mm inhibition at 45%; MIC and MBC were 30% ANOVA significant (p=0.000). The ethyl acetate fraction has strong caries prevention potential, supporting herbal development.

Formulation And Antioxidant Activity Testing Of Ethanol Extract Moisturizing Gel From Kesum Leaves (Polygonum Minus Huds.) Using The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) Method

2026-03-04T04:49:44+00:00

Free radicals are unstable molecules that can cause cell damage and play a role in premature aging and various skin disorders. One way to inhibit the effects of free radicals is through the use of topical preparations containing antioxidants. Kesum leaves (Polygonum minus Huds) are known to contain bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolics, which have the potential to act as natural antioxidants. This study aims to formulate kesum leaf ethanol extract into a moisturizing gel preparation and evaluate its physical quality and antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. This study was an experimental study with variations in the concentration of kesum leaf ethanol extract, namely F1 (1%), F2 (2%), and F3 (3%). The evaluation of the physical quality of the gel included organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, Viscosity and spreadability. Antioxidant activity was expressed as the IC₅₀ value. The results showed that all gel formulations met the physical quality requirements for preparations. The IC₅₀ values of the gel preparations in F1, F2, and F3 were 169.556 ppm, 150.759 ppm, and 125.396 ppm, respectively, while the positive control showed an IC₅₀ value of 44.792 ppm. An increase in the concentration of kesum leaf ethanol extract in the gel formulation showed a tendency to increase antioxidant activity. Formula F3 had the best antioxidant activity among the gel formulations tested. Thus, kesum leaf ethanol extract has potential as an antioxidant agent.

The Relationship between the Availability of Family Toilets and Handwashing Behavior with the Incidence of Stunting in the Maratua Islands District, Berau Regency

2026-02-08T13:31:50+00:00

Stunting remains a crucial public health problem in island regions such as the Maratua Islands District, Berau Regency, where poor sanitation and hygiene exacerbate chronic malnutrition in children under five. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the availability of family latrines, handwashing behavior, and stunting incidence. Using a quantitative, observational, analytic cross-sectional design, a total sample of 54 children under five in the region was sampled. Instruments included a validated handwashing behavior questionnaire, a standardized latrine observation sheet, and WHO anthropometric measurements; data analysis included univariate frequencies, and Spearman correlation (α=0.05). The results showed a 100% prevalence of stunting (75.9% stunted, 24.1% severely stunted), with a significant correlation for handwashing behavior (ρ=0.350, p=0.009) but not significant for family latrines (ρ=0.227, p=0.098). Handwashing behavior is a top intervention priority over infrastructure in remote areas.

Profile Of Antibiotic Use In ISPA Patients At Bluto Community Health Center, Sumenep Regency, July – December 2024

2026-02-25T13:36:14+00:00

Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARI) are a significant health problem in Indonesia, exacerbated by irrational antibiotic use that triggers antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aims to identify patient characteristics and antibiotic use patterns (type, class, dose, duration) in ARI patients at the Bluto Community Health Center, Sumenep Regency, from July to December 2024. Using a retrospective descriptive observational design, purposive sampling resulted in 76 prescriptions from the population of antibiotic prescriptions from doctors for ARI patients (inclusion: treated at the community health center with antibiotics; exclusion: otherwise). Prescription data were analyzed univariately with frequency distribution and percentages using the Slovin formula. The results showed that the majority of patients were male (54%), with peaks in the 0-5 and 46-55 age groups (20% each). Amoxicillin dominated (51%, beta-lactam), followed by cefadroxil (49%, cephalosporin), primarily in the 500 mg tablet and 125 mg/5 ml syrup, with an average duration of 5-7 days. In conclusion, the antibiotic regimen aligns with primary care stewardship guidelines, but monitoring is enhanced to minimize the risk of AMR.

Evaluation Of The Rationality Of Antibiotic Use In Hospitalized Adult Patients With UTI Diagnosis On Clinical Outcome At Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital

2026-02-26T14:28:48+00:00

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common infection with high antibiotic resistance due to irrational use. To assess the rationality of antibiotics in adult inpatients with UTI at Dr. Moewardi Regional General Hospital using the Gyssens method, ATC/DDD patterns, and their relationship with clinical outcomes. A retrospective descriptive observational study of medical records of 50 acute pyelonephritis patients (population 270, Slovin sample e=10%, consecutive sampling), collected in December 2025. LPD medical records; analysis: Gyssens (qualitative Permenkes 28/2021), ATC/DDD (quantitative), Fisher's Exact (p<0.05). 64% female, 52% >60 years; ciprofloxacin 90%; rationality 46% (Gyssens category 0), 54% irrational (mainly short duration 44%); ATC/DDD: ciprofloxacin 47.2%, ceftriaxone 52.8%; outcome improved 94%; p=0.090 (not significant). Rationale was low, especially for duration, with no significant association with outcome; stewardship is recommended to prevent resistance.

The Relationship Between Severity Level And Quality Of Worship Among Muslim Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis At PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital, Gamping

2026-03-02T06:36:36+00:00

The quality of worship is related to the level of devotion and spiritual appreciation in daily life. Chronic kidney failure is a condition that progressively affects kidney function and requires hemodialysis as replacement therapy. This condition can affect the ability of Muslim patients to perform their daily worship. Although spiritual aspects are important in health care, research on the relationship between disease severity and quality of worship in hemodialysis patients is still limited, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the relationship between disease severity and the quality of worship among Muslim patients undergoing hemodialysis at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping General Hospital. This study used a descriptive correlational method with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 62 respondents were selected using random sampling. Data were collected using a research instrument that had been tested by three experts. Data analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between disease severity and the quality of worship among Muslim patients undergoing hemodialysis (r = 0.174; p = 0.175). This study indicates that disease severity does not affect the quality of worship among hemodialysis patients, meaning that patients can maintain their worship practices despite experiencing severe illness.

Stress Management Among Nurses In Dealing With Job Stress In The Intensive Care Unit (Icu) At RSUD Tgk Chik Ditiro Sigli

2026-03-05T02:33:03+00:00

Work stress among nurses is a significant issue, particularly in high-intensity units such as the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where job demands are complex and emotionally challenging. Nurses in the ICU are required to provide continuous monitoring, respond quickly to critical patient conditions, and operate advanced medical equipment, all of which may contribute to increased stress levels. This study aimed to describe stress management strategies used by nurses in dealing with work-related stress in the ICU at RSUD Tgk Chik Ditiro Sigli. A quantitative descriptive design was employed involving 30 nurses working in the ICU. The findings showed that the majority of nurses applied good physical stress management strategies (83.3%), good cognitive strategies (66.7%), and good social strategies (90.0%). However, emotional strategies were mostly categorized as moderate (66.7%). These results indicate that ICU nurses predominantly utilize effective stress management approaches, particularly social and physical strategies, in coping with job stress. Strengthening emotional coping skills through training and organizational support is recommended to further enhance nurses’ psychological well-being and maintain the quality of patient care.

Implementation of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) in Improving the Quality and Efficiency of Health Services: Literature Review

2026-01-16T07:30:19+00:00

Background: Digital transformation in Indonesia's health sector, driven by the Industry 4.0 era and mandated by Minister of Health Regulation No. 24 of 2022, requires a transition from manual to Electronic Medical Records (EMR). While promising efficiency, its implementation still faces various practical challenges. Objective: This study aims to analyze the success of EMR implementation, evaluate its impact on work efficiency and service quality, and identify the main obstacles encountered by healthcare facilities.

Methods: This study employed a literature review method, analyzing ten scientific articles published between 2022 and 2025. Data were gathered from Google Scholar and national health journal portals, followed by a narrative synthesis.

Comparison Of Factors That Influence The Stress Level Of Nurses In The ICU And ER At RSUD Toto Kabila

2026-02-17T22:45:18+00:00

Work stress among nurses is a critical issue that may reduce the quality of nursing care, particulary in high-intensity units such as the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Emergency Departement (ED). This Study aimed to compare nurses work stress levels in the ICU and ED and to analyze the influencing factors, including workload, social support and length of employment. This study employed a descriptive analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 48 nurses, including 20 ICU nurses and 28 ED nurses, selected using total sampling. Data were collacted using structured questionnaires and analyzed using Spearman Rank Correlation and Mann-Whitney U tests with a significance level of p<0.05. The results showed significant differences in work stress levels (p=0.003) and workload (p=0.004) between ICU and ED nurses. Workload had a strong positive correlation with work stress in ICU nurses (r=0.642; p=0.001) and ED nurses (r=0.711; p=0.000). Social support showed a significant negative correlation with work stress among ICU nurses (r= -0.402; p=0.045)., but not among ED nurses. Length of employment was not significantly associated with work stress in both units. Workload is the dominant factor affecting nurses work stress, particularly in the Emergency Department. Optimizing workload management and strengthening social support are essential to reduce nurses work stress.

Analysis Of Work Posture On Musculoskeletal Disorders (Msds): Literature Review

2026-02-25T13:53:42+00:00

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common work-related health problems and a major cause of reduced productivity and disability among workers in various industrial sectors. One of the main risk factors for MSDs is non-ergonomic work postures, such as bending, sitting or standing statically for long periods of time, repetitive movements, and excessive use of force that exceeds the body's physiological capacity. This literature review aims to analyze the relationship between work posture and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) complaints based on research results published in accredited scientific journals from 2021 to 2024. The method used was a literature review of articles that assessed work posture using ergonomic instruments such as the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), Nordic Body Map (NBM), and PLIBEL Checklist. The results of the study show that most studies found a significant relationship between non-ergonomic work posture and increased MSD complaints, especially in the neck, shoulders, lower back, waist, and wrists. In addition to work posture, age and length of service also contribute to an increased risk of musculoskeletal complaints. Thus, improving work design and applying ergonomic principles are important steps in preventing and controlling MSDs in the workplace.

Analysis Of The Relationship Between Pharmacists' Knowledge, Attitude, And Perception Levels Towards Telepharmy Implementation In Sukoharjo Regency

2026-02-28T10:07:22+00:00

The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of technology in healthcare services, including the implementation of telepharmacy. The success of telepharmacy implementation depends on the readiness of pharmacists in terms of their knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the level of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of pharmacists towards the implementation of telepharmacy in the Sukoharjo Regency. This study is a qualitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample consisted of 30 pharmacists working in pharmacies and community health centers in Sukoharjo Regency, selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, as well as in-depth interviews. Data analysis included univariate and bivariate analysis with chi-square. The results showed that the majority of pharmacists had a good level of knowledge (mean 76.7%), indicating that pharmacists had a good understanding. Pharmacists' attitudes were in the adequate category (mean 60%), and pharmacists' perceptions were in the adequate category (mean 70%). Statistical analysis using chi-square indicated that there was a significant relationship between pharmacists' knowledge and perceptions, with a p-value of 0.014 (p <0.05). There was a significant relationship between the variables of attitude and perception, as indicated by a p-value of 0.001 (p <0.05). The conclusion of the implementation of tele-pharmacy is not only in terms of knowledge, but also in strengthening positive attitudes through supportive infrastructure, technical training, and clear regulations.

Factors Associated With Pregnancy Outcomes After Intrauterine Insemination

2026-03-04T04:43:37+00:00

Infertility is a reproductive disorder defined as the inability to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected intercourse. It may be caused by female and/or male factors. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a form of assisted reproduction commonly used to treat subfertility. In Indonesia, infertility affects an estimated 10–15% of couples, equivalent to 4–6 million out of 29.8 million couples of reproductive age. This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with pregnancy success following IUI at Morula IVF Clinic, Jakarta, during January - December 2023. An analytic descriptive design was applied, and associations were tested using the Chi-square method. A total of 199 patients were included, with an overall IUI pregnancy success rate of 8.5%. Successful pregnancies were most frequently observed among wives aged 25 - 35 years, those with a body mass index of 18.5–24.9 kg/m², and cycles with pre-wash semen volume of 2 - 5 mL, sperm concentration >16 million, and sperm motility >30%. Chi-square analysis demonstrated that only sperm motility was significantly associated with IUI success (p=0.029), while wife’s age, body mass index, pre-wash semen volume, and sperm concentration showed no significant association.

Cost And Time Analysis Of Changing River Bank Reinforcement Work From Corrugated Concrete Sheet Pile To Multipurpose Panel System

2026-02-03T02:27:56+00:00

Riverbank reinforcement plays a vital role in maintaining slope stability and protecting nearby infrastructure. However, the commonly used Corrugated Concrete Sheet Pile (CCSP) method often faces challenges such as high costs, long construction duration, and limited availability of precast materials. As an alternative, the Concrete Panel method offers a more efficient and practical solution. This study aims to analyze the comparison of cost and time between the CCSP and Concrete Panel methods in riverbank reinforcement work. This research applies a descriptive quantitative approach by analyzing work volumes and cost data derived from the project’s Bill of Quantity (BoQ) documents. Cost analysis was carried out by comparing the unit rate of each work component, while time analysis was based on the production capacity of each work item and the development of a Gantt Chart to determine the total project duration. The results indicate that the Concrete Panel method can reduce project costs by approximately Rp 1.73 billion or 8.89%, and shorten the construction duration to 102 days, which is 26 days faster or about 20.3% more efficient than the CCSP method. In addition to its cost and time efficiency, the Concrete Panel method provides advantages in installation flexibility and quality control. Therefore, adopting the Concrete Panel method can be considered an effective and sustainable alternative for riverbank reinforcement projects.

The Phenomenon Of Minimalism Trends In Contemporary Kids Wear In Indonesia: A Visual Study Of the Shift On Kids Fashion Styles And The Characteristics Of Generation Z Consumers

2026-02-25T13:38:58+00:00

The minimalism trend in kids fashion style represents a minimalist aesthetic characterized by neutral and earth-tone color palettes, along with simplified forms (minimal form) in silhouettes. In Indonesia, this trend has developed under the influence of social media and the visual preferences of Generation Z as young parents who tend to favor aesthetically pleasing styles. This study focuses on analyzing the trend phenomenon and the selection of minimalist styles in contemporary kids wear in Indonesia through a visual analysis of design elements, as well as identifying the characteristics of Generation Z as consumers. The research method employs a qualitative descriptive approach through visual analysis. Data were collected through observations of three high-end local kids wear brand collections released between 2023 and 2025, visual documentation, and literature review on minimalist style and Generation Z consumer behavior. The analysis focuses on elements of color, silhouette, material, and pattern. The findings indicate that the dominance of earth-tone and neutral colors, oversized silhouettes, and the simplicity of forms and ornamentation represent the aesthetic preferences of Generation Z consumers. These findings suggest a shift in the character of kids wear from the dominance of bright and expressive colors toward a visually minimalist approach. This study contributes to the discourse on children's fashion design and consumer behavior within the context of contemporary visual culture in Indonesia.

Nickel Extraction From Solid Waste From The Nickel Smelting Industry Through An Environmentally Friendly Organic Acid Leaching Process

2026-02-14T03:13:57+00:00

This study aims to analyze the effect of the type and concentration of organic acids on nickel extraction results. The analysis shows that the type of organic acid has a significant effect on the effectiveness of nickel leaching. Citric acid produces higher extraction yields than acetic acid due to its polyprotic nature, which enables it to form stronger complexes with nickel ions. In addition, the concentration of organic acids plays an important role in the extraction process. The optimum concentration was achieved at 7 M, resulting in the highest nickel percentage of 0.78%. At a concentration of 4 M, the extraction yield was lower due to the limited availability of H⁺ ions, while at 10 M, a decrease in extraction efficiency was observed, which is likely caused by the formation of secondary complexes or precipitates that inhibit nickel solubility. Therefore, the appropriate selection of organic acid type and concentration is crucial for optimizing the nickel extraction process.

Cost Savings In Workshop Building Structures Through Value Engineering Approach Based On Cold-Formed Steel With Integration Of Life Cycle Costing And Risk Evaluation

2026-02-05T01:06:05+00:00

Workshop building structures commonly use conventional steel materials known for their strength, but they pose challenges in terms of cost, transportation, and time efficiency—particularly in projects located in remote areas. This study aims to optimize the structural cost of Workshop buildings by integrating the approaches of Value Engineering (VE), the selection of Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) material, the Life Cycle Costing (LCC) method, and risk evaluation. VE is applied to identify the primary functions of the structure and propose more efficient alternatives without compromising performance. CFS is selected due to its lightweight nature, ease of transportation and installation, and suitability for remote project locations. The LCC method is used to assess total costs over the building's life cycle, including initial investment, maintenance, and residual value. Risk evaluation is conducted to identify potential technical, operational, and economic obstacles that may affect implementation success. The results show that the use of CFS through VE and LCC approaches can significantly improve cost efficiency compared to conventional steel structures. This approach not only reduces initial project costs but also saves long-term expenses through minimal maintenance and optimal service life. Risk evaluation supports more informed decision-making, making this integrated approach an effective strategy for designing economical, efficient, and sustainable Workshop structures.

Identification Of Appropriate Architectural Elements For Design Application In Tropical Regions Of Southeast Asia

2026-02-17T22:13:45+00:00

Southeast Asia with tropical regions has unique climate characteristics, such as high humidity, significant rainfall intensity throughout the year and high temperatures. These conditions require an architectural approach that is responsive to climate in order to create thermal comfort in buildings. The purpose of this study is to identify what architectural elements are considered appropriate to be applied in building design in tropical Southeast Asia. The methods used in this study include literature studies and case study analysis of several buildings designed with a tropical approach in the region. Through this approach, it is hoped that this study can provide an initial overview of architectural elements that have the potential to support adaptive designs to tropical climate conditions. The results of this study will be the basis for the development of contextual and sustainable tropical architectural designs.

Improvement Of Material Quality In The Warehouse Using The Failure Mode And Effect Analysis (FMEA) And 5W+1H Methods At PT XYZ

2026-02-08T13:35:23+00:00

PT. XYZ is a manufacturing company specializing in the production of disc brakes and mufflers. This study identifies issues within the management of the M2FW Raw Material warehouse at PT. XYZ, stemming from the suboptimal implementation of the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) system. The failure to maintain an effective FIFO system has led to several serious problems, including material damage due to corrosion, discrepancies between recorded data and actual physical stock, and poor warehouse maintenance regarding cleanliness and organization. These findings underscore the urgent need for systemic and procedural improvements to ensure operational efficiency and prevent further losses.This research utilizes a quantitative descriptive approach using the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method to evaluate failure risks, alongside a 5W+1H analysis to identify root causes. Data collection results during the research indicate the presence of 465 pieces of Not Good (NG) products (0.17% of total stock) with total losses reaching IDR 8,688,270.97, as well as a physical stock discrepancy of 302 pieces. Based on the FMEA analysis, work methods that deviate from standard operating procedures were identified as the most critical failure factor, yielding the highest Risk Priority Number (RPN) of 270. Applying a Kaizen approach, the proposed improvements include: standardizing methods through daily checksheets for 5S and FIFO control; implementing a structured warehouse area monitoring schedule; and categorizing supplier delivery schedules based on part size (small, medium, large) to streamline the storage process. The implementation of these steps is expected to minimize financial losses, improve stock data accuracy, and ensure operational fluidity in accordance with Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).

Utilization Of Solar Power Plants (Plts) For Street Lighting As A Renewable Energy Solution On Gara Island, Batam

2026-02-19T02:15:38+00:00

Limited electricity supply in rural areas results in suboptimal public street lighting. One environmentally friendly solution is the utilization of Solar Power Plants (PLTS). This study aims to analyze the potential use of PLTS as a power source for street lighting in rural regions. The methods employed include a literature review, measurement of solar irradiance, and simulation of the power requirements of LED lamps. The results indicate that a PLTS system consisting of a 100 Wp solar panel, a 12V/100Ah battery, and a 40W LED lamp is capable of providing illumination for approximately ±10 hours per night. The implementation of this system can reduce dependence on grid electricity and lower carbon emissions.

Effectiveness of Kevlar-Polyethylene Composite Material in Increasing Ballistic Protective Resistance against High Caliber Weapons

2026-02-26T14:17:24+00:00

Kevlar-Polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite materials have become a focus in the defense industry to improve the durability of ballistic armor, especially against high-caliber weapons. Kevlar is known for its high tensile strength and resistance to penetration and heat, while UHMWPE offers elasticity and effective energy absorption. The combination of these two materials creates a composite that is not only lightweight, but also able to withstand projectile penetration better through energy dispersion and absorption mechanisms. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Kevlar-Polyethylene composites in providing ballistic protection for high-caliber weapons. The results show that the use of this composite significantly improves ballistic protection performance compared to conventional materials, due to its synergistic properties. In addition, this composite shows good resistance to extreme environments, thereby increasing service life and efficiency in defense applications.