Smoking, Physical Activity, And Dietary Patterns In Relation To Hypertension:  A Cross-Sectional Study

Nata Kesuma; Deli Lilia; Fera Novitry

doi:10.55227/ijhet.v5i4.1286

Authors

Nata Kesuma Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat, STIKes Al-Ma’arif Baturaja
Deli Lilia Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat, STIKes Al-Ma’arif Baturaja
Fera Novitry Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat, STIKes Al-Ma’arif Baturaja

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhet.v5i4.1286

Keywords:

Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Exercise; Hypertension; Primary Health Care; Smoking

Abstract

Hypertension remains a major public health concern, particularly in primary healthcare settings where modifiable lifestyle behaviors contribute to cardiovascular health. Smoking, insufficient physical activity, and unhealthy dietary patterns may be associated with hypertension, although their relationships vary across populations and healthcare contexts. This study aimed to examine the associations of smoking, physical activity, and dietary patterns with hypertension among adult male patients attending a primary healthcare facility in Indonesia. This analytical cross-sectional study included 128 men aged 35–60 years recruited through quota sampling at Sukaraya Community Health Center, South Sumatra, Indonesia, in 2026. Data on smoking behavior, physical activity, and dietary patterns were collected using structured questionnaires. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg. Associations were assessed using Pearson's Chi-square test, and crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Hypertension was identified in 77 participants (60.2%), while 83 (64.8%) were current smokers, 69 (53.9%) reported insufficient physical activity, and 66 (51.6%) had at-risk dietary patterns. Smoking demonstrated the strongest association with hypertension (OR = 12.00; 95% CI: 5.06–28.47; p < 0.001), followed by at-risk dietary patterns (OR = 3.50; 95% CI: 1.66–7.37; p = 0.001) and insufficient physical activity (OR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.49–6.51; p = 0.002). Smoking, insufficient physical activity, and at-risk dietary patterns were significantly associated with hypertension among adult male primary care patients. These results support integrated lifestyle assessment and targeted health promotion within primary healthcare services. Further studies incorporating longitudinal designs and confounder-adjusted analyses are warranted to clarify these relationships.

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