Predictors Of Antiretroviral Therapy Failure In HIV/AIDS Patients At Dr. Moewardi Regional Hospital, Surakarta

Fachry Harbipero; Niken Luthfiyanti; Vivin Marwiyati

doi:10.55227/ijhet.v4i6.680

Authors

Fachry Harbipero Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta
Niken Luthfiyanti Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta
Vivin Marwiyati Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhet.v4i6.680

Keywords:

Antiretroviral Therapy, HIV/AIDS, Predictors, Treatment Failure, Viral Load

Abstract

Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy failure remains a significant issue in HIV/AIDS control as it contributes to disease progression and drug resistance. This study aims to analyze predictors of ARV therapy failure based on demographic and clinical characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients. This study used a retrospective quantitative descriptive analytical design with medical records of HIV outpatients at Dr. Moewardi Regional General Hospital from November 2024 to November 2025 as the data source. The study population was all HIV patients receiving ARV therapy, with a sample of 100 patients selected using accidental sampling. The research instrument was a medical record-based observation sheet, covering demographic, clinical, CD4, viral load, and clinical stage characteristics. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p<0.05. The results showed that the majority of patients were male, productive age, married, had secondary or higher education, had a normal BMI, were in the early clinical stage, and did not experience opportunistic infections or side effects of therapy. No significant associations were found between demographic and clinical variables and CD4 count, viral load, or clinical stage. In conclusion, the immunological, virological, and clinical status of HIV patients is multifactorial and is not solely determined by the demographic and clinical characteristics studied.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmed, M., Merga, H., & Jarso, H. (2019). Predictors of virological treatment failure among adult HIV patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Woldia and Dessie hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia: A case–control study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 305. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3896-7

Ayele, G., Tessema, B., Amsalu, A., Ferede, G., & Yismaw, G. (2018). Prevalence and associated factors of treatment failure among HIV/AIDS patients on HAART attending University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Immunology, 19(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12865-018-0261-1

Creswell, J. W. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Dewi, RK (2018). Factors associated with the success of antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients. Journal of Public Health, 13(2), 145–152.

Dewi, RK (2022). Clinical factors influencing response to ARV therapy in HIV patients. Journal of Health Sciences, 10(1), 55–63.

Emzir. (2021). Educational research methodology: Quantitative and qualitative (Rev. ed.). Rajawali Pers.

Handayani, D., Putri, RA, & Nugraha, A. (2023). Nutritional status and quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients after antiretroviral therapy. Indonesian Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 19(2), 85–93.

Hashempour, A., Khodadad, N., Ziaei, R., Rezaei, B., Ghasabi, F., Falahi, S., & Davarpanah, M. A. (2024). Predictors of antiretroviral treatment failure to first-line therapy: A cross-sectional study among Iranian HIV-positive adults. BMC Infectious Diseases, 24(1), 358. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09253-1

Jocelyn, J., et al. (2024). HIV/AIDS in Indonesia: Current treatment landscape, future therapeutic horizons, and herbal approaches. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1354219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1354219

Keban, SA, Rahayu, S., & Pratiwi, D. (2021). Factors influencing ARV therapy failure in HIV patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 8(1), 25–34.

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2020). National action plan for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS and STIs in Indonesia 2020–2024. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of 2022 concerning the management of human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and sexually transmitted infections. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Equal rights for all: A moment of collective action on World AIDS Day 2024. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2025). Dare to test, dare to protect yourself: Target for eliminating HIV and STIs by 2030. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.

Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016). Sex differences in immune responses. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(10), 626–638. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.90

Kurniawan, F., Djauzi, S., Yunihastuti, E., & Nugroho, P. (2017). Predictors of virological failure in HIV patients receiving first-line ARV therapy with good treatment adherence. Indonesian Journal of Internal Medicine, 4(1), 1–8.

Ladyani, F., & Kristianingsih, A. (2019). The relationship between CD4 count in HIV/AIDS-infected patients and opportunistic infections. University of Lampung Medical Journal, 8(2), 274–280.https://doi.org/10.23960/jkunila.v3i1.pp34-41

Mahale, P. R., Patel, B. S., & Kasmani, N. (2023). Treatment outcomes of dolutegravir- versus efavirenz-based HAART regimens among treatment-naive people living with HIV. Cureus, 15(5), e40139. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40139

Maria, R., Sari, P., & Nugraheni, D. (2023). Clinical and social factors in the success of ARV therapy. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, 12(2), 110–118.

Masyeni, S., et al. (2018). Determinants of viral suppression in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 50(4), 307–315.

Pradipta, A., Rusli, A., & Murtiani, F. (2020). Factors associated with opportunistic tuberculosis infections in HIV patients. The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 6(1), 1–8.

Pratama, AR, Nugroho, D., & Lestari, S. (2023). Early clinical stages and response to ARV therapy in HIV patients. Indonesian Journal of Internal Medicine, 10(2), 95–104.

Sari, DP, Rahman, A., & Widodo, T. (2023). TB-HIV collaboration and its impact on co-infection in PLWHA. Journal of Public Health, 18(3), 210–218.

Saryono. (2021). Health research methodology. Mitra Cendekia Press.

Septiana, R., Handayani, S., & Putra, R. (2023). Analysis of ARV therapy failure factors based on medical record data. Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 12(1), 45–53.

Sudaryono. (2021). Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method research methodology. Rajawali Pers.

Sugiyono. (2021). Quantitative, qualitative, and R&D research methods. Alfabeta.

Sugiyono. (2022). Statistics for research. Alphabet.

Suhartini, R., et al. (2024). Analysis of clinical factors in antiretroviral therapy failure based on medical records. National Public Health Journal, 19(1), 33–41.

UNAIDS. (2020). Global AIDS update: Confronting inequalities. UNAIDS.

Wahyuni, S. (2021). Demographic, clinical, and treatment regimen characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients. Pharmacon: Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal, 10(1), 712–721.

Yousaf, O., Grunfeld, E. A., & Hunter, M. S. (2015). A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men. Health Psychology Review, 9(2), 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.840954

Zakiyah, R., Lestari, D., & Hidayat, A. (2022). Risk factors for ARV therapy failure in HIV patients. Indonesian Nursing Journal, 25(2), 89–97.