Distribution of Diphtheria Cases by Population Density and Access to Health Centers in East Java Province, 2022–2024
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Diphtheria remains a re-emerging public health threat in Indonesia, with East Java Province consistently reporting the highest national case burden. This study aimed to describe the spatial distribution of diphtheria cases in relation to population density and healthy home coverage across all 38 districts and cities of East Java Province from 2022 to 2024. An ecological study design with a temporal-spatial approach was employed using secondary data sourced from the East Java Provincial Health Profile for the period 2022–2024. Data were analyzed and visualized using Quantum GIS version 3.34.3 through choropleth and spatial overlay mapping techniques. A total of 909 diphtheria cases were recorded over the study period, with annual increases culminating in 397 cases in 2024. Sidoarjo Regency (74 cases), Surabaya City (68 cases), and Blitar Regency (66 cases) recorded the highest cumulative case counts. Spatial overlay analysis revealed that districts and cities classified with high population density tended to exhibit higher diphtheria case burdens, while areas with low healthy home coverage most notably Bangkalan Regency also showed elevated case counts. Conversely, Madiun City, which had the highest healthy home coverage, recorded only 7 cases throughout the study period. These findings indicate that population density and healthy home access are associated with the geographic distribution of diphtheria incidence, underscoring the need for territory-based, multi-sectoral prevention and control strategies in high-risk districts.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Adji, IS, Dewi, R., Puspitasari, A., & Rahardjo, S. (2025). Probable diphtheria with negative cultures mimicking bacterial tonsillitis in unvaccinated children from Islamic boarding schools: Diagnostic and socio-cultural challenges. Journal of Health Research 'SUARA FORIKES', 16(2), 1027–1030. https://doi.org/10.33846/sf16429
Anggraini, SA, & Hendrati, LY (2023). Distribution of diphtheria incidence according to DPT-HB-Hib immunization coverage and population density in Surabaya City. Media Gizi Kesmas, 12(2), 632–637. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgk.v12i2.2023.632-637
Central Statistics Agency of East Java Province. (2024). Population, population growth rate, percentage distribution of population, population density, and sex ratio by district/city in East Java Province, 2024. BPS East Java. https://jatim.bps.go.id
Emzir. (2022). Educational research methodology: Quantitative and qualitative (Revised edition). Rajawali Pers.
Fitriani, H., Andriani, R., Kurniasari, D., & Susanti, E. (2024). Analysis of health problems in cases of diphtheria immunization preventable diseases (PD3I) in Blitar District. Journal of Public Health Research and Community Health Development, 11(02), 123–136.
Kamilla, NI, Utama, F., & Noviani, N. (2024). Spatial analysis of diphtheria risk factors in Lampung Province in 2022 and 2023. Journal of Biostatistics, Population, and Health Informatics, 4(2), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.7454/bikfokes.v4i2.1057
Karyanti, MR (2022). Profile of diphtheria cases hospitalized at tertiary referral hospitals in Indonesia: 10 years' experience. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 41(2), E60–E61. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003378
Mahdang, PA, Saleh, I., & Jumriani, J. (2022). Epidemiology of infectious diseases (Media T., Ed., pp. 27–37). Media Tama.
Mustikasari, RI, Dina, S., Sulistyowati, E., & Farid, MN (2024). Eleven-year report of high number of diphtheria cases in children in East Java Province, Indonesia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 9(9), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090204
Pracoyo, NE (2020). Factors causing extraordinary events (KLB) of diphtheria in children in Indonesia. Journal of Health Ecology, 19(3), 184–195. https://doi.org/10.22435/jek.v19i3.4018
Putri, MA, & Mahmudah, M. (2025). Correlation analysis between regional health factors and the number of diphtheria cases in Sampang Regency in 2023. Scientific Journal of Medicine and Health, 4(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.55606/klinik.v4i3.4590
Rizal, M., & Artiono, R. (2021). Dynamic analysis of the diphtheria and COVID-19 coinfection model. Scientific Journal of Mathematics, 9(2), 268–279.
Salsabila, ASN, Handayani, D., & Qudrotin. (2024). Distribution of diphtheria cases by person, place, and time in Sidoarjo Regency in 2021–2022. Journal of Social Science Research, 4(3), 9150–9160. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i3.8190
Suciptawati, NLP, Susilawati, M., & Endarta, H. (2024). Modeling diphtheria cases in East Java Province using a spatial regression approach. Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education, 7(1), 82–93.
Sudaryono. (2021). Research methodology: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (2nd edition). Rajawali Pers.
Sugiyono. (2022). Quantitative, qualitative, and R&D research methods (2nd Edition). Alfabeta.
World Health Organization. (2024). Diphtheria reported cases and incidence. WHO Immunization Data Portal. https://immunizationdata.who.int/global/wiise-detail-page/diphtheria-reported-cases-and-incidence?CODE=SEAR+IDN&YEAR=